1.  _____ is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope.         
 Conflict       
 * Stress       
 Dissonance       
 Appraisal       
    

David and Marie's lifestyle is described in the Prologue to Chapter 13. The negative emotional state that they are experiencing in response to the taxing demands placed on their resources is called:         
 conflict.       
 dissonance.       
 * stress.       
 appraisal.       
    

The events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging are called:         
 catecholamines.       
 conflicts.       
 * stressors.       
 life change units.       
    

The Prologue to Chapter 13 discusses aspects of David and Marie's lifestyle such as going to college part time, working full time, having two children, and having an insecure employment situation. These events could best be described as:         
 acculturative stress.       
 life change units.       
 * stressors.       
 approach-approach conflicts.       
    

During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasizes the importance of:         
 * their respective cognitive appraisals of the event.       
 gender differences in response to stressors.       
 cultural differences in response to stressors.       
 quantifying major life events in terms of life change units.       
    

When Jerrell missed his connecting flight due to bad weather, he experienced a severe tension headache. In this example, the missed connection is an example of a _____, and his response to the missed connection is an example of _____.         
 flight; fight       
 * stressor; stress       
 fight; flight       
 stress; stressor       
    

The branch of psychology that studies how psychological factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors is called:         
 social psychology.       
 developmental psychology.       
 * health psychology.       
 forensic psychology.       
    

Dr. Grewal uses the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness, and treatment. Dr. Grewal is most likely a:         
 * health psychologist.       
 developmental psychologist.       
 psychoneuroimmunologist.       
 behavioral psychologist.       
    

When Adeline goes to graduate school she wants to focus on how to promote health-enhancing behaviors, how psychological factors influence health and illness, and how people respond in the relationship between patient and health practitioner. Adeline's interest is in _____ psychology.         
 developmental       
 social       
 behavioral       
 * health       
    

According to stress researchers Holmes and Rahe, the most basic cause of stress is:         
 disruptions in personal relationships.       
 negative emotions.       
 negative cognitive appraisals.       
 * change.       
    

The Social Readjustment Ratings Scale (SRRS) measures:         
 acculturative stress.       
 daily hassles.       
 * life events.       
 catecholamines.       
    

Holmes and Rahe believed that any change that required you to adjust your behavior and lifestyle would cause stress. In an attempt to measure the amount of stress people experienced, they developed the:         
 Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ).       
 Daily Hassles Adjustment Measure (DHAM).       
 * Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).       
 Cognitive Reappraisal Rating Scale (CRRS).       
    

When Rachel completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) her score, based on events during the previous year, was 350 life change units. Which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 Rachel will develop severe psychological and physical problems.       
 * It is not possible to make an accurate prediction about Rachel's future health because scores on the SRRS are weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems.       
 Rachel has experienced very few problems or hassles during the past year.       
 Positive life events in Rachel's life will offset any stress caused by negative life events.       
    

A number of problems with the life events approach has been identified. Which of the following is NOT one of them?         
 The link between scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and the development of physical or psychological problems is relatively weak.       
 * There is an inverse relationship between scores on the SRRS and physical and psychological problems; the higher the score, the lower health risks, and vice versa.       
 The SRRS does not take into account the person's subjective appraisal of an event, response to that event, or ability to cope with the event.       
 The life event approach assumes that any change produces stress, but research shows that positive changes are much less likely to produce stress than negative changes.       
    

Dr. Woods and her colleagues have done extensive research into life events and their effects on well-being. She is most likely to conclude that:         
 * undesirable events are significant sources of stress, but change in itself is not necessarily stressful.       
 people's cognitive appraisal of events is unrelated to their level of stress.       
 positive and negative life events are equal in their contribution to levels of stress experienced.       
 positive life events such as getting engaged, finding a job, or taking a vacation have a greater cumulative effect on stress levels than do negative life events such as divorce, death of a spouse, or losing a job.       
    

_____ are everyday, minor events that annoy and upset people.         
 Life change units       
 * Daily hassles       
 Catastrophes       
 Type A events       
    

Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During her coffee break she spilled coffee on her clothes and on the way to the parking lot she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain. By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of:         
 major life events.       
 conflicts.       
 * daily hassles.       
 life change units.       
    

Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that:         
 the frequency of daily hassles is unrelated to psychological distress and physical illness.       
 * the number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced.       
 the number of major life events people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of daily hassles experienced.       
 the more hassles you experience the less likely you are to suffer psychological distress and physical illness.       
    

In their research, Dr. Grayson and his colleagues discovered there was a link between the number of daily hassles people experienced and psychological distress and physical ailments, such as headaches and backaches. One explanation for this phenomenon is that:         
 * while each minor stressor may be relatively unimportant in itself the effect of daily hassles can be cumulative.       
 each daily hassle by itself produces a severe stress reaction, and frequent daily hassles have a bigger overall effect than major life events.       
 daily hassles tend to stimulate immune system responses and increase their effectiveness.       
 daily hassles are more likely to occur to accident-prone, Type A personalities.       
    

After her husband died last year, Pia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part time after an absence of ten years. These major life events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of _____ that could significantly _____ Pia's stress level.         
 life change units; decrease       
 * daily hassles; increase       
 severe psychological and physical disorders; decrease       
 daily hassles; decrease       
    

_____ refers to a situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals.         
 The general adaptation syndrome       
 The flight-or-fight response       
 * Conflict       
 Resistance       
    

Following the strict exercise regime imposed by his doctor, Marek has to choose between two equally unappealing activities: 30 minutes on the exercise bike or 30 minutes on the stair climbing machine. This example of conflict best illustrates an:         
 approach-avoidance conflict.       
 * avoidance-avoidance conflict.       
 approach-approach conflict.       
 avoidance-approach conflict.       
    

Carmella is faced with a situation in which she has to decide between two equally appealing choices: go to Garden State College or go to Parkland State College. This type of conflict is called:         
 a daily hassle.       
 a major life event.       
 an approach-avoidance conflict.       
 * an approach-approach conflict.       
    

Which of the following types of conflict, generally speaking, produces the highest levels of stress?         
 approach-approach conflicts       
 * approach-avoidance conflicts       
 avoidance-avoidance conflicts       
 all of the above produce the same level of stress       
    

After three successful weeks on her low-fat diet, Luella goes to the cafeteria for lunch and is torn between sticking to her diet by having steamed vegetables or having one of her favorite high-fat dishes, fettuccine alfredo. Luella is probably experiencing a(n) _____ conflict.         
 * approach-avoidance       
 avoidance-avoidance       
 approach-approach       
 escape-avoidance       
    

When Darryl gave an ultimatum to his freedom-loving girlfriend "either they get married and settle down, or he would stop seeing her" she experienced a severe conflict and spent a great deal of time vacillating between her options. This example illustrates:         
 an escape-avoidance conflict.       
 * an approach-avoidance conflict.       
 an approach-approach conflict.       
 an avoidance-avoidance conflict.       
    

Which of the following can help you stop vacillating when you are in an approach-avoidance conflict?         
 Avoid making the decision for as long a period of time as possible.       
 Realize that most decisions are black and white, and you're going to either win or lose when you make your decision.       
 Avoid seeking more information about your options to prevent feeling overwhelmed.       
 * Explore the option of adopting a partial approach strategy, whereby you leave yourself a possible way out.       
    

People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.         
 lowest; lowest       
 highest; highest       
 * lowest; highest       
 highest and lowest; same       
    

Marie, discussed in the Prologue to Chapter 13, works for a Japanese-owned company whose managers and employees are almost all from Japan. Her work-related stress is partly due to:         
 working in a job with lifelong security.       
 * the clash of two different cultures.       
 being a very highly paid employee.       
 having to work fewer hours than her friends who work for American-owned companies.       
    

The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture is called:         
 integration-assimilation stress.       
 approach-avoidance stress.       
 * acculturative stress.       
 assimilation-separation stress.       
    

The term acculturative stress refers to:         
 the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome.       
 the avoidance-avoidance conflict that all new immigrants experience.       
 * the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture.       
 coping strategies that immigrants use.       
    

When Konya emigrated to the United States he found it very difficult to adapt to the new culture. Konya probably experienced:         
 an avoidance-avoidance conflict.       
 * acculturative stress.       
 separation-integration stress.       
 the fight-or-flight response.       
    

When Rashid encountered a new cultural environment she was faced with two fundamental questions: "Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society?" and "Is my original culture of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?" Which of the following is NOT one of the four possible patterns of acculturation that Rashid might adopt?         
 integration       
 assimilation       
 * acceptance       
 separation       
    

As a new immigrant to the United States, Yangtse was faced with two fundamental questions: "Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society?" and "Is my original cultural identity of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?" Yangtse answered yes to both. Yangtse chose:         
 marginalization.       
 separation.       
 assimilation.       
 * integration.       
    

When Nellis emigrated to Australia he heartily embraced the new culture, adopting the dress and social values of his new home, and soon gave up his old traditions, customs, and language. Nellis chose:         
 integration.       
 * assimilation.       
 separation.       
 marginalization.       
    

Catherine is leaving the United States to live and work in Japan and is very excited about the change. When Catherine arrives and starts work in Japan, she is likely to:         
 adapt very quickly to her new environment without experiencing any stress whatsoever.       
 become physically and psychologically ill within weeks.       
 * experience increased levels of stress due to the acculturation process.       
 experience decreased levels of stress due to the acculturation process.       
    

Stress can DIRECTLY undermine health and physical well-being by:         
 * altering body functions in a way that leads to physical symptoms or illness.       
 disrupting attention and concentration.       
 making people more likely to use tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.       
 making people less likely to meet deadlines and commitments.       
    

Stress can INDIRECTLY undermine health and physical well-being by:         
 causing muscle contractions and elevating blood pressure.       
 disrupting immune system functioning.       
 activating the fight-or-flight response.       
 * making people more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors.       
    

Because Benton is under chronic stress he is more likely to engage in behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol that may jeopardize his well-being. This example suggests that stress can have a(n) _____ effect on physical health.         
 positive       
 direct       
 * indirect       
 minimal       
    

After having a particularly stressful week at work, Maurice had a car accident caused by his inattention and lack of concentration. This example illustrates how stress can _____ a person's health and well-being.         
 * indirectly affect       
 directly affect       
 psychologically boost       
 physically intensify       
    

Whenever Davinder has a fight with her boyfriend her neck and head muscles contract and tighten, and she ends up with a tension headache. Davinder's headaches are:         
 an indirect result of stress.       
 a symptom of poor immune functioning exacerbated by stress.       
 * a direct result of stress.       
 unrelated to stress.       
    

The American psychologist Walter B. Cannon:         
 * described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.       
 along with Richard Lazarus developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress.       
 described the three-stage response to prolonged stress called the general adaptation syndrome.       
 conducted research on explanatory style and the role it plays in stress, health, and illness.       
    

As her car spun out of control on an icy road, Mia's muscles tensed and her blood pressure, heartbeat, and pulse increased dramatically. This rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions is called the:         
 general adaptation response.       
 slip-and-slide response.       
 * fight-or-flight response.       
 startle-freeze response.       
    

The _____ response refers to the rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to react to an immediate threat.         
 startle-freeze       
 general adaptation       
 escape-avoidance       
 * fight-or-flight       
    

When a large snarling dog threatened Denny during his regular morning jog, he experienced the classic symptoms of the fight-or-flight response. According to Walter Cannon, Denny's response involves both _____ and _____.         
 the parasympathetic nervous system; the endocrine system       
 cognitive appraisal; learned helplessness       
 * the sympathetic nervous system; the endocrine system       
 serotonin; dopamine       
    

When Alice arrived home she was shocked to see that her house had been burglarized and ransacked, and she was terrified that the burglar might still be in the house. It is very probable that Alice's sympathetic nervous system has stimulated her adrenal medulla to secrete hormones called:         
 corticosteroids.       
 dopamine.       
 * catecholamines.       
 serotonin.       
    

_____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal and include adrenaline and noradrenaline.         
 Corticosteroids       
 Lymphocytes       
 Teratogens       
 * Catecholamines       
    

According to Walter Cannon, which of the following is the correct sequence involved in the fight-or-flight response to acute stress?         
 * hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, secretion of catecholamines       
 hypothalamus, parasympathetic nervous system, adrenal cortex, secretion of corticosteroids       
 pituitary gland, secretion of catecholamines, parasympathetic nervous system, release of ACTH       
 pituitary gland, release of ACTH, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, secretion of catecholamines       
    

The Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye:         
 described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.       
 * defined stress as "the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it" and described a response to prolonged stress called the general adaptation syndrome.       
 along with Susan Folkman developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping.       
 was responsible for creating the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology.       
    

Abby's husband was critically injured in a car accident. He survived, but Abby had to care for him at home for several months before he was able to regain normal functioning, which was very stressful for Abby. After he was able to return to work, Abby felt completely exhausted. According to Hans Selye, Abby had probably experienced:         
 the stress contagion effect.       
 * the general adaptation syndrome.       
 the fight-or-flight response.       
 assimilation.       
    

As she began her internship in a hospital emergency room, Connie felt very anxious. Throughout her internship she experienced intense and prolonged stress, did not eat well, and did not get enough sleep. When she successfully completed her internship, she felt completely worn out and came down with a bad case of mononucleosis. Connie is probably experiencing the:         
 "fight" phase of the fight-or-flight response.       
 "flight" phase of the fight-or-flight response.       
 "alarm" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.       
 * "exhaustion" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.       
    

Nikki, an emergency room nurse, experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye, it is likely that her hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex will work together to produce stress-related hormones called:         
 androgens.       
 lymphocytes.       
 catecholamines.       
 * corticosteroids.       
    

Selye's term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress is:         
 the stress contagion effect.       
 psychoneuroimmunology.       
 the fight-or-flight response.       
 * the general adaptation syndrome.       
    

When Carla got to the parking lot, she was distressed to find that her new car had been badly damaged by a hit-and-run driver. At this point it is very likely that Carla is in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.         
 denial       
 * alarm       
 resistance       
 exhaustion       
    

Shortly after getting over the shock of losing her job as managing director of the Electra Company, Carmine started to actively search for a new job. At this point in time, Carmine had passed through the _____ stage and is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.         
 exhaustion; denial       
 * alarm; resistance       
 denial; resistance       
 alarm; exhaustion       
    

Intense arousal is to the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome as adjustment to a continuing stressful situation is to the _____ stage.         
 alarm; exhaustion       
 exhaustion; resistance       
 resistance; exhaustion       
 * alarm; resistance       
    

When Mrs. Anderson had a stroke that left her partly paralyzed and cognitively impaired, her husband took care of her. After four months, Mr. Anderson has adjusted to the daily routine, but he seems tense, and his ability to cope with new stressors is diminished. It is very likely that Mr. Anderson is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the _____ stage.         
 alarm; resistance       
 * resistance; exhaustion       
 exhaustion; alarm       
 alarm; exhaustion       
    

Which of the following statements is FALSE in regard to corticosteroids?         
 In the short run, corticosteroids provide several benefits, helping protect the body against the harm caused by stressors.       
 Corticosteroids reduce inflammation of body tissue and enhance muscle tone in the heart and blood vessels.       
 Continued high levels of corticosteroids, especially cortisol, can weaken important body systems, lowering immunity and increasing susceptibility to physical symptoms and illness.       
 * Like the catecholamines, the effects of corticosteroids tend to diminish very quickly and cause no long-lasting problems.       
    

The hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex and that play a key role in the body's response to long-term stressors are called:         
 * corticosteroids.       
 lymphocytes.       
 teratogens.       
 catecholamines.       
    

After being under intense stress for several months, Elmer got a viral infection. In response to this infection, the most important elements of his immune system, called _____, will mobilize to defend him.         
 * lymphocytes       
 androgens       
 corticosteroids       
 catecholamines       
    

The body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells is called the _____ system.         
 nervous       
 endocrine       
 * immune       
 psychoneurological       
    

The final exam period was very stressful for Celine, and at the end of the semester she got very sick with a viral infection. Her body's surveillance system, which is called the _____, will produce _____ to help fight against the virus.         
 endocrine system; endorphins       
 parasympathetic nervous system; dopamine       
 * immune system; lymphocytes       
 central nervous system; catecholamines       
    

The notion that the immune system operated independently of other body systems was challenged by _____ and _____, who demonstrated that the immune system response in rats could be classically conditioned.         
 Susan Folkman; Richard Lazarus       
 Janice Kiecolt-Glaser; Ronald Glaser       
 Hans Selye; Walter B. Cannon       
 * Robert Ader; Nicholas Cohen       
    

In carrying out a replication of Ader and Cohen's landmark study, Dr. Sidhu is likely to confirm that:         
 * the immune system response can be classically conditioned.       
 the immune system response cannot be classically conditioned, but the endocrine system response can.       
 although lymphocytes contain receptor sites for neurotransmitters and hormones, they are incapable of producing these chemicals.       
 even mild stressors, such as taking a quiz, can have long-term adverse effects on immune system functioning.       
    

_____ is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.         
 Biopsychosociology       
 Psychosociobiology       
 * Psychoneuroimmunology       
 Bioneuropsychoendocrinology       
    

Most psychoneuroimmunologists are likely to share the view that:         
 the immune system works completely independently of other body systems.       
 * there are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.       
 the endocrine system works completely independently of other body systems.       
 since the landmark study by Ader and Cohen, which showed that immune system response could be classically conditioned, research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has virtually ground to a halt.       
    

Dr. Gresko studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system. It is very probable that Dr. Gresko works in the new interdisciplinary field called:         
 psychoendocrinology.       
 psychobioneurophysiology.       
 bioneuropsychology.       
 * psychoneuroimmunology.       
    

Dr. Kelly is a researcher in the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology. Like most other specialists in this field, Dr. Kelly would most likely disagree with which of the following statements?         
 The surfaces of lymphocytes contain receptor sites for neurotransmitters and hormones, including catecholamines and cortisol.       
 Lymphocytes themselves produce neurotransmitters and hormones.       
 The central nervous system and the immune system are directly linked.       
 * The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned.       
    

Mrs. Prouli has been taking care of her husband, who has Alzheimer's disease, for a number of years. The prolonged stress involved in caring for her husband at home may:         
 result in increased effectiveness of her immune system.       
 suppress the secretion of corticosteroids by her endocrine system.       
 * result in reduced immune system functioning.       
 suppress the secretion of catecholamines by her endocrine system.       
    

Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and Ronald Glaser investigated the effects of rather commonplace stressors such as the numerous exams that medical students have to take each year. They discovered that exposure to such ordinary stressors of life:         
 does not affect immune system functioning.       
 builds up greater immunity to bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders.       
 * adversely affects immune system functioning.       
 decreases the levels of both corticosteroids and catecholamines in the body.       
    

Compared to major stressors such as the death of a loved one, minor everyday stressors such as taking an exam:         
 have little or no effect on immune system functioning.       
 have a positive effect on immune system functioning.       
 * can temporarily alter immune system functioning.       
 can increase immunity to bacterial and viral infections.       
    

Aron has experienced a number of major and minor stressors in his life. Which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 Only the major stressors will adversely affect Aron's immune system functioning.       
 Only the minor stressors will adversely affect Aron's immune system functioning.       
 * Aron may suffer some ill-effects because a wide variety of stressors, both major and minor, are associated with diminished immune system functioning.       
 Aron is not likely to be adversely affected because neither major nor minor stressors are associated with diminished immune system functioning.       
    

When Kari is stressed out, she often comes down with a cold. The most likely explanation for the relationship between Kari's stress level and her increased susceptibility to colds is that stress:         
 decreases the levels of corticosteroids in her body.       
 * reduces the effectiveness of her immune system and its ability to fight infections.       
 increases the levels of ACTH and decreases the level of catecholamines in her body.       
 can cause cold symptoms even in the absence of exposure to a virus.       
    

Your textbook discusses the relationship between stress and the common cold. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions reached in the textbook?         
 * High-stressed individuals get sick more often than low-stressed individuals primarily because they interact with more people.       
 Stress reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and its ability to fight infections.       
 Factors such as health-compromising behavior do not account for the relationship between stress and increased susceptibility to infection.       
 There is a consistent relationship between levels of stress experienced and increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and colds.       
    

Although stress-related decreases in immune system functioning may heighten our susceptibility to health problems, physical well-being is affected by the interaction of many factors. Which of the following is the one essential factor needed to cause infection?         
 genetic makeup       
 poor nutrition and personal health habits       
 exercise and access to medical care       
 * exposure to bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing agents       
    

The authors of your textbook conclude that the stress-induced decreases in immune system functioning demonstrated experimentally are often _____ translate into added health risk for most people.         
 large and usually       
 * small and may not       
 small but usually       
 large but seldom       
    

Psychological research has consistently shown that having a sense of control over a stressful situation _____ the impact of stressors and _____ feelings of anxiety and depression.         
 increases; increases       
 reduces; increases       
 increases; reduces       
 * reduces; decreases       
    

Psychological research has shown that _____ reduces the impact of stressors and decreases feelings of anxiety and depression.         
 having others control the stressful situation       
 * having a sense of personal control over the stressful situation       
 experiencing a stressful situation in which the event is beyond our control, such as a flood, earthquake, fire, and so forth       
 having others make the decision and take responsibility for the outcome       
    

Mrs. Pedersen lives in a nursing home that allows its residents to make choices about their daily activities and encourages them make decisions that affect their lives. Compared to her friend Mrs. Ghormley, who lives in a nursing home where staff members make all these types of decisions, Mrs. Pedersen is likely to:         
 * be more active, alert, sociable, and healthier.       
 be more tired, depressed, anxious, and less healthy.       
 develop severe debilitating physical and psychological problems.       
 complain constantly about having to make decisions about minor aspects of her environment.       
    

In an important research study involving elderly nursing home residents, psychologists Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer investigated the:         
 effects of relaxation techniques on psychological and physical health.       
 psychological effects, but not the physical effects, of regular exercise.       
 * effects of a sense of personal control on psychological and physical health.       
 effects of a stress-reduction training program on blood pressure and immune system functioning.       
    

The research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer involving elderly nursing home residents demonstrated that:         
 elderly nursing home residents are more likely to experience stress-related illnesses than elderly people living in their own home.       
 * elderly nursing home residents who have a sense of control over their environment are healthier than elderly nursing home residents without a sense of personal control over their environment.       
 a sense of personal control reduces stress in younger people, but adds to the level of stress experienced by elderly nursing home residents.       
 having many choices about their daily activities tended to make the elderly nursing home residents anxious.       
    

When Harry got a failing grade in one of his courses, he decided to talk to his professor about the personal problems he had during the term and discuss the possibility of doing a makeup final exam or writing an extra paper. Harry appears to be reacting to a stressful situation by trying to exercise some personal control. If Harry's approach is realistic and successful, it is likely to:         
 make him feel anxious and guilty.       
 increase his level of stress and decrease the effectiveness of his immune system.       
 * enhance his feelings of self-confidence, self-efficacy, autonomy, and self-reliance.       
 create feelings of learned helplessness and apathy.       
    

According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style tend to use external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events; in contrast, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style useinternal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.         
 pessimistic; optimistic       
 unrealistic; realistic       
 * optimistic; pessimistic       
 realistic; unrealistic       
    

Martin Seligman would say Hamilton reacts to negative events with an optimistic explanatory style. Hamilton probably uses:         
 internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.       
 excuses for not getting things accomplished and is a chronic procrastinator.       
 * external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.       
 prescription drugs for the numerous stress-related physical and psychological problems caused by his explanatory style.       
    

After Lana got a low grade on her first French exam, she told her roommate that she was dropping the course because she wasn't good at foreign languages and would never be able to figure out French grammar. Lana is best classified as having a pessimistic explanatory style because of which of the following aspects of her behavior?         
 She uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.       
 She tends to blame others for failures and setbacks in her life and takes personal credit for all the positive outcomes.       
 She has a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.       
 * She uses internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.       
    

Although Oscar was disappointed when he was rejected in his first attempt to get admitted to a very prestigious engineering program he thought he would have a better chance next time, especially if he took some additional qualifying courses and raised his GP        
 Martin Seligman would say that Oscar has a(n):  A. confrontive coping style.      
 Type A behavior pattern.       
 pessimistic explanatory style.       
 * optimistic explanatory style.       
    

When Karen suggested to Gordy that they go for a drink after work on Friday night, Gordy said "Sorry, I can't make it Friday, perhaps some other time?" Karen did not suggest another time, but instead thought to herself that she was obviously not very attractive and always said the wrong thing to men. Martin Seligman would say that Karen has a(n):         
 Type B behavior pattern.       
 * pessimistic explanatory style.       
 problem-focused coping style.       
 optimistic explanatory style.       
    

Research has shown that an optimistic explanatory style is associated with, _____ and a pessimistic explanatory style is associated with _____.         
 poorer physical health; poorer mental health       
 * better physical and emotional well-being; poorer physical health, including increased occurrences of infectious disease       
 better mental health but poorer physical well-being; poorer mental health but better physical well-being       
 none of the above; physical or mental well-being       
    

Larry constantly complains about minor health problems, how hard he has to work, and how he is not appreciated by his family. He dislikes most of the people he meets, and no matter what happens to him he is dissatisfied and grumpy. Larry seems to display:         
 a high level of personal control.       
 emotions related to an optimistic explanatory style.       
 Type B behavioral pattern.       
 * chronic negative emotions.       
    

Anna suffers from chronic negative emotions. If she is typical of grouchy people, she is likely to:         
 * be at greater risk than happy people for stress-related illnesses and symptoms.       
 experience twice as many daily hassles and problems as happy people.       
 react much less intensely, and with far less distress, to stressful events she encounters compared to happy people.       
 recover more quickly from the distress evoked by hassles and problems compared to happy people.       
    

According to Friedman and Rosenman, _____ is a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.         
 * Type A behavior pattern       
 an optimistic explanatory style       
 Type B behavior pattern       
 a pessimistic explanatory style       
    

Ken delivers fresh produce to health food stores around the city. Laidback and easygoing, he loves his job because it allows him to meet people and get daily exercise at the same time. Ken is likely to be classified as having a:         
 very high risk of heart disease.       
 Type A behavior pattern.       
 pessimistic explanatory style and chronic negative emotions.       
 * Type B behavior pattern.       
    

Which one of the following people is most likely to be classified as exhibiting a Type A behavior pattern?         
 Charlie, a very outgoing, sociable, and fun-loving music major       
 Sandra, a quiet, book-loving, introverted librarian       
 * Bill, a very ambitious, competitive, hostile, time-conscious real estate developer       
 Clarissa, a hardworking, friendly, and caring psychiatric nurse       
    

Barbara is an accountant who works a lot of overtime toward the end of the tax year to finish her clients' tax returns by the deadline. However, despite these long hours of being under pressure to get the tax returns done on time, Barbara continues to be relaxed and laid back just like she always is. Barbara:         
 has a Type A personality.       
 has an optimistic explanatory style.       
 has a problem-focused coping style.       
 * is showing a Type B behavior pattern.       
    

Fifty-year-old Marvin is a very successful businessman who exhibits all the classic signs of the Type A behavior pattern. He has suffered coronary problems for the last five years but has not slowed his hectic pace. The aspect of his behavior pattern that contributes the most to his health problems is his:         
 impatience.       
 sense of time urgency.       
 * hostility.       
 competitiveness.       
    

Devlin is a very competitive and impatient money manager who often gets annoyed over insignificant matters; he has a reputation for being hostile and angry whenever he loses money and tends to be suspicious, mistrustful, and to blame others for his losses. Devlin is likely to be classified as having a(n):         
 * Type A behavior pattern.       
 low risk of coronary disease and ill health.       
 Type B behavior pattern.       
 low risk of coronary disease but high risk of getting cancer.       
    

The main component of the Type A behavior pattern that predicts the development of coronary heart disease is:         
 having a sense of time urgency.       
 being a high achiever.       
 hard physical work.       
 * hostility.       
    

According to the research presented in the textbook, hostility has been shown to be:         
 unrelated to the development of coronary heart disease.       
 inversely related to health problems; the more hostility the less disease.       
 * positively related to heart disease; the higher the level of hostility the greater the severity of coronary disease.       
 less predictive of coronary heart disease than competitiveness, time urgency, and achievement striving.       
    

Yoko is very dedicated to her career as a partner in a large, prestigious law firm. She often works sixty hours a week and thoroughly enjoys the challenges of her high-pressure job. Yoko hates to waste time because keeping up with the demands of family life and her career require that she manage her time very efficiently. Although she is very ambitious, Yoko is also a good-natured person who rarely raises her voice and never has an unkind word to say about anyone. Based on this description, you could probably conclude that:         
 because of her extremely stressful lifestyle, Yoko probably has very high levels of corticosteroids.       
 Yoko is at a very high risk for coronary disease and other health problems.       
 * because Yoko is low in hostility, her risk of developing coronary disease is no higher than that of anyone else.       
 since Yoko is a female, she is unlikely to develop coronary disease despite her Type A behavior.       
    

A number of explanations for how hostility predisposes people to heart disease and other health problems are presented in your textbook. Which of the following is NOT one of them?         
 Hostile people tend to react more intensely than other people to a stressor and experience increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and the production of stress-related hormones.       
 * Hostile men and women do not express their anger outwardly, but instead bottle up their emotions and hide their true feelings.       
 Because of their cynical attitudes and aggressive behavior, hostile people experience more frequent and more severe negative life events and daily hassles.       
 Because hostile men and women are prone to get angry more often than others, they also experience stress more frequently.       
    

Psychologists and other scientists are cautious in the statements they make about the connection between personality and health for a number of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?         
 A person's health at any given time is influenced by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.       
 Personality factors might indirectly lead to disease via poor health habits.       
 * The vast majority of the studies investigating the role of psychological factors in disease are experimental rather than correlational.       
 It may be that disease influences a person's emotions, rather than the other way around.       
    

One way researchers try to disentangle the relationship between personality and health is by conducting carefully controlled prospective studies. The important aspect of this research approach is that:         
 * an initially healthy group of subjects are assessed on variables thought to be risk factors and are tracked over a period of time.       
 neither the experimenters nor the subjects know the nature of the research.       
 it provides correlational data that indicate how the two variables are related without ruling out the possibility of some third, unidentified factor.       
 the subjects, but not the experimenters, know the nature of the research.       
    

Studies investigating close relationships and physical health have repeatedly found that:         
 close relationships cause more stress and anxiety than does social isolation.       
 poor physical health is unrelated to social isolation.       
 * the lack of social relationships is related to increased risk of health problems.       
 there is no correlation between social support and physical and emotional well-being.       
    

The resources provided by other people in times of need, including emotional, tangible, and informational support, is referred to as:         
 social contagion.       
 * social support.       
 the general adaptation syndrome.       
 problem-focused coping support.       
    

Carson is divorced, lives alone, has very few friends, and outside of work he rarely interacts with other people. Research suggests that, compared to people who have many social contacts and relationships, social isolation such as Carson's, is correlated with:         
 * poor health and higher death rates.       
 good health and lower death rates.       
 an optimistic explanatory style and positive emotional states.       
 none of the above; there is no correlation, either positive or negative, between social isolation and health.       
    

Recently, Spencer lost his job, and a long-term relationship ended in a bitter fight. Thinking it might help, Spencer visited his family, but it made him feel worse. The only time he felt better was when he was with the family dog. It is possible that Spencer perceived his family as _____, and the dog as _____.         
 providing emotional support; providing informational support       
 * being judgmental, evaluative, and critical; being nonjudgmental, nonevaluative, and unconditionally supportive       
 providing tangible support; providing remedial support       
 being conditionally supportive, nonjudgmental, and nonevaluative; being judgmental, evaluative, and doggone critical       
    

Which of the following is NOT a potential drawback of social support?         
 When other people are perceived as being judgmental, their presence may increase the individual's physical reaction to the stressor.       
 Stress may increase when well-meaning friends or family members offer unwanted or inappropriate social support.       
 Being too helpful and overprotective, especially when dealing with sick people, may undermine self-confidence and slow physical recovery.       
 * Individuals who accept social support from others risk being labeled as weak, dependent, or incompetent.       
    

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 * Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long-term.       
 Helena will not be affected adversely by this situation.       
 The positive effects of social support always outweigh any potential drawbacks.       
 Compared to people with only a small network of social relationships, Helena is likely to be relatively free of stress.       
    

The stress contagion effect refers to the phenomenon whereby:         
 * people become upset about negative life events that happen to other people that they care about.       
 people deal with stress by using a coping strategy called distancing.       
 people under stress are more likely to catch infectious diseases.       
 people deal with stress through wishful thinking.       
    

According to your textbook, women more often than men may be particularly vulnerable to some of the problematic aspects of social support for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?         
 Women may be more likely to suffer from the stress contagion effect because they tend to have larger and more intimate social networks.       
 Women are more likely to serve as providers of support.       
 * Women are less likely to suffer from the stress contagion effect because they tend to have a smaller social network, consisting primarily of immediate family members.       
 Women are more likely to become upset about negative events that happen to their relatives and friends.       
    

Shaleena has a large network of social relationships. She may be potentially vulnerable to some of the problematic aspects of social support because:         
 * women in general are more likely than men to suffer from the stress contagion effect.       
 women are less likely than men to become upset about what happens to their friends and relatives.       
 women tend to rely on a close relationship with their spouse and place less importance on relationships with other people.       
 women are less likely than men to serve as providers of support.       
    

Whenever any of her friends or relatives have problems and are upset, Gilda gets upset too. This example illustrates:         
 social striving.       
 * the social contagion effect.       
 the distancing coping strategy.       
 escape-avoidance.       
    

_____ refers to the ways we try to change circumstances, or our interpretations of circumstances, to make them less threatening.         
 Cognitive dissonance       
 Acculturation       
 * Coping       
 Fight-or-flight       
    

114.  The American psychologist who, along with coresearcher Richard Lazarus, developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping is:         
 Janice Kiecolt-Glaser.       
 Robert Ader.       
 * Susan Folkman.       
 Nicholas Cohen.       
    

When coping is effective, we adapt to the situation, and stress is reduced. However, coping efforts do not always help us adapt. Which of the following is an example of maladaptive coping?         
 David and Marie realistically evaluate their situation and determine what can be done to minimize the impact of the stressors in their life.       
 Harold develops emotional tolerance for negative events in his life and finds that this helps maintain his self-esteem and keeps his emotions in balance.       
 * Irene dwells constantly on her former boyfriend, no longer focuses on her studies, and passes up any opportunity to meet new people.       
 Despite all his problems and high level of stress, James works hard at preserving important relationships and at keeping in touch with his family.       
    

David and Marie, whose stress-filled life is described in the Prologue to Chapter 13, are examples of people who:         
 tend to use many maladaptive coping strategies.       
 * are coping in adaptive ways with multiple stressors.       
 both suffer from the stress contagion effect.       
 have informational support but lack both tangible and emotional support.       
    

_____ is primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.         
 * Problem-focused coping       
 Wishful thinking       
 Emotion-focused coping       
 Escape-avoidance       
    

When sales were down for the third month in a row, the sales manager called a meeting of all sales staff in order to analyze the situation and attempt to come up with some solutions. This example illustrates:         
 emotion-focused coping.       
 distancing.       
 * problem-focused coping.       
 wishful thinking.       
    

_____ is primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.         
 Problem-focused coping       
 Confrontive coping       
 Planful problem solving       
 * Emotion-focused coping       
    

The Prologue to Chapter 13 presented the example of how Marie and David used humor to deal with a trying and stressful situation. Their coping strategy in this instance illustrates:         
 * emotion-focused coping.       
 confrontive coping.       
 problem-focused coping.       
 constructive thinking.       
    

When the football coach told the players that they had better start working harder during practice or they would be dropped from the team, he appeared to be using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.         
 emotion-focused; confrontive coping       
 problem-focused; planful problem solving       
 emotion-focused; wishful thinking       
 * problem-focused; confrontive coping       
    

Faced with the financial and personal problems associated with returning to school as a mature student, Adele estimated how much she would need to live on, how much time she could devote to working, and how much study time she would need to succeed academically. It appears that Adele is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.         
 problem-focused; wishful thinking       
 emotion-focused; escape-avoidance       
 * problem-focused; planful problem solving       
 emotion-focused; confrontive coping       
    

Compared to people who engage in confrontive coping, people who rely on planful problem solving are:         
 * less likely to convey a sense of hostility toward others.       
 more likely to be perceived as agitated and unfriendly.       
 less likely to elicit emotional, tangible, and informational support from others.       
 more likely to generate negative emotions in people they are dealing with in trying to solve the problem.       
    

Your textbook identifies several emotion-focused coping strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of them?         
 distancing       
 escape-avoidance       
 wishful thinking       
 * approach-avoidance       
    

Sage is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Sage is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.         
 emotion-focused; positive reappraisal       
 * emotion-focused; escape-avoidance       
 problem-focused; confrontive coping       
 problem-focused; wishful thinking       
    

Whenever Hank gets stressed out or upset, he tends to drink excessively in order to "drown his sorrows." Hank is using a maladaptive form of an emotion-focused coping strategy called:         
 wishful thinking.       
 distancing.       
 * escape-avoidance.       
 confrontive.       
    

Gloria has a high pressure job. Every day after work, she goes for a five-mile run because it takes her mind off her job and focuses it on other things. Gloria is using an emotion-focused coping strategy called:         
 wishful thinking.       
 confrontive coping.       
 denial.       
 * escape-avoidance.       
    

Lincoln frequently exceeds his line of credit at the bank and runs up large debts on his credit card. Rather than cutting back on his spending, he tends to fantasize about winning the state lottery. Lincoln is using a form of escape-avoidance called:         
 denial.       
 distancing.       
 seeking social support.       
 * wishful thinking.       
    

When the stressor is severe and chronic and really needs immediate attention, escape-avoidance behaviors can be:         
 very beneficial in the long run.       
 * counterproductive in the long run.       
 counterproductive in the short run but very beneficial in the long run.       
 very beneficial in both the short run and the long run.       
    

When Nathan was having personal and academic problems while attending college, he first talked to his family and then went to see a counselor. It would appear that Nathan is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.         
 emotion-focused; distancing       
 * emotion-focused; seeking social support       
 problem-focused; downward comparison       
 problem-focused; positive reappraisal       
    

Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people:         
 * are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones.       
 respond more vigorously to stressful situations because of their heightened physiological arousal due to exercise.       
 do not use any other coping strategies to combat stress except exercise.       
 do not differ from the inactive people in terms of physiological stress reactions but the physically fit people react less emotionally to stressful events.       
    

How do stimulant drugs such as caffeine or nicotine affect people's ability to handle stress?         
 Stimulants such as the caffeine in tea or coffee are beneficial because they help people stay alert and awake during periods of acute stress.       
 Stimulants have no effect on the stress response.       
 * Stimulants like caffeine and nicotine increase the negative physiological effects of stress by increasing physiological arousal.       
 Stimulants are harmful during the alarm stage, but beneficial during the resistance and exhaustion stage.       
    

The textbook makes a number of suggestions for minimizing the physical effects of stress. Which of the following is NOT one of these recommendations?         
 * Increase your use of stimulants, such as coffee or tea, to help keep you going.       
 Try to establish a daily routine of walking briskly for 20 minutes.       
 Practice progressive muscle relaxation on a regular basis.       
 Learn to meditate and practice it on a daily basis.       
    

Michele uses regular aerobic exercise to minimize the physical effects of stress; Justine uses meditation and progressive muscle relaxation for the same reason. Which of the following statements about minimizing the physical effects of stress is TRUE?         
 Neither Michele's nor Justine's strategies are likely to have any effect on their physical well-being.       
 Michele is likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine have no known benefits.       
 * Both Michele's and Justine's strategies are likely to have beneficial effects on their physical well-being.       
 Michele is not likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine are proven techniques for minimizing stress.       
    

Jeremy is an ambulance driver and a paramedic. He and some of his coworkers sometimes appear to do their job in a detached, depersonalized, but nevertheless, efficient manner. Professionals like Jeremy who work in high stress occupations often use _____ to some degree to help them deal with distressing situations.         
 * distancing       
 downward comparison       
 positive reappraisal       
 denial       
    

During particularly busy and stressful shifts, Kyle and some of his coworkers in the morgue often find themselves making jokes and facetious remarks among themselves. Making jokes about a stressful situation is a form of:         
 denial.       
 downward comparison.       
 wishful thinking.       
 * distancing.       
    

One of the most constructive emotion-focused coping strategies is _____ because the person who uses this tactic not only tries to minimize the negative emotional aspects of the situation, but also tries to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth.         
 downward comparison       
 * positive reappraisal       
 escape-avoidance       
 wishful thinking       
    

Although it is obvious to most of Bernie's friends and family that he drinks too much, his wife Betsy refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem. She insists that he is a moderate drinker who has the occasional glass of red wine for medicinal purposes. In this situation it is possible that Betsy is using _____.         
 confrontive coping       
 downward comparison       
 * denial       
 distancing       
    

Greg was quite depressed when he didn't make the Olympic team. Upon reflection, however, he decided that the training he did and the knowledge he gained from competing against the best in the country were beneficial experiences that would help him in his personal life and in his chances next time around. Greg is using a very constructive emotion-focused coping strategy called:         
 downward comparison.       
 confrontive coping.       
 distancing.       
 * personal reappraisal.       
    

Most people use multiple coping strategies in stressful situations. In the initial stages we often rely on _____ to help us step back emotionally from a problem, but once we've regained our emotional equilibrium, we may rely more on _____ to identify potential solutions to the situation.         
 wishful thinking; confrontive coping       
 * emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies       
 problem-focused coping strategies; emotion-focused coping strategies       
 confrontive coping; wishful thinking       
    

Controlling personal reactions is to _____ as exerting control over the situation is to _____.         
 * collectivistic cultures; individualistic cultures       
 problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping       
 individualistic cultures; collectivistic cultures       
 seeking social support; avoiding social support       
    

Regarding coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations, collectivistic cultures are to _____ as individualistic cultures are to _____.         
 individual responsibility; group responsibility       
 personal autonomy; seeking social support       
 * emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies       
 problem-focused coping strategies; emotion-focused coping strategies       
    

State University recently set up a telephone hotline to provide advice, useful suggestions, and information about the resources available on campus for students who are experiencing academic difficulties. What type of support is being provided by the people who staff the State University hotline?         
 tangible       
 * informational       
 financial       
 emotional       
    

When Sherri and her husband separated, her best friend Mandy put her up, lent her money, and helped her look for an apartment. This example illustrates a category of social support called:         
 informational support.       
 emotional support.       
 remedial support.       
 * tangible support.       
    

When Bernadette first left home to attend college, she felt lonely, isolated, and apprehensive about succeeding in her new academic environment. Bernadette frequently called her best friend Cindy, who was attending college in their home town. Cindy was very supportive, empathetic, and reassuring. Cindy is providing Bernadette with a type of social support called:         
 informational support.       
 financial support.       
 * emotional support.       
 tangible support.       
    

Tangible support is to _____ as informational support is to _____.         
 * direct assistance, such as financial aid; helpful suggestions and advice       
 expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; direct assistance, such as financial aid       
 helpful suggestions and advice; expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard       
 expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; helpful suggestions and advice       
    

The Prologue to Chapter 13 described some of the ongoing events in the life of Marie and David. If Marie's mother lends them money and babysits the children, she is providing _____ support, and if David seeks advice about effective job searching strategies from a career counselor, he is getting _____ support.         
 emotional; tangible       
 * tangible; informational       
 informational; emotional       
 remedial; financial       
    

Which of the following support behaviors is typically perceived as helpful by people under stress?         
 giving advice that the person has not asked for       
 helping them take their minds off their troubles by talking about oneself and one's own problems       
 pretending to be cheerful       
 * being a good listener and showing concern and interest       
    

Imagine that a close friend turns to you for help because of personal problems and high stress levels. According to the research presented in the textbook, which of the following may NOT be helpful?         
 be a good listener and show concern and interest       
 * talk about yourself and your own problems and give advice that was not asked for       
 ask questions that encourage the person under stress to express his or her feelings and emotions       
 express understanding about why the person is upset       
    

Stress is a negative emotional state that occurs in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe in an attempt to measure the amount of stress people experience.        
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Daily hassles are everyday, minor events that annoy and upset people.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

The number of daily hassles that people experience is a better predictor of physical illness and symptoms than the number of major life events.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Daily hassles can contribute to the stress produced by major life events but only when such events are negative, such as death of a loved one.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

When a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals he or she is said to be experiencing conflict.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

An avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when you are faced with a choice between two equally appealing outcomes.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

An approach-avoidance conflict has a single goal with both desirable and undesirable aspects; when faced with this conflict, people are often unable to decide whether to approach or avoid the goal.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

An approach-approach conflict involves choosing between two unappealing or undesirable outcomes.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

People in the highest socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the highest levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

Acculturative stress describes the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

If a new immigrant continues to value his original cultural customs and at the same time seeks to become part of the dominant society, he is following a basic pattern of adapting called assimilation.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

When an individual who encounters a new cultural environment decides to maintain her cultural identity and avoid or reject the values and customs of the dominant society, she is opting for a basic pattern of adapting called separation.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

An individual who follows marginalization, a basic pattern of adapting to a new culture, is likely to experience the least degree of acculturative stress.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

Stress can INDIRECTLY affect a person's health by promoting behaviors that jeopardize physical well-being and can DIRECTLY affect physical health by altering body functions.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Hans Selye described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat is called the fight-or-flight response.         
 * True       
 False