R449552672	04/11/2001	10:11:25 PST	11	11	55	479								Joseph Breuer																			channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.	id; pleasure principle											denial											the Oedipus complex.																	anima and animus		the introvert versus the extravert	unconditional love and acceptance														Carl Jung																his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.			conditional positive regard				social cognitive	the trait perspective														deliberate, conscious choices.						psychoanalytic							five	introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.																																	Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.																																False											True	
$449552672	04/11/2001	10:24:00 PST	0	0	0	420				trait																						rationalization; repression				id					regression									displacement										identification.			sexual urges are repressed.															power and feelings of superiority.			Carl Jung																					Carl Jung.									being based solely on experimental evidence.									the strength of the person's superego			controlled solely by external, environmental events.						the trait perspective										factor analysis																						genetic influences; environmental influences																					Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.															become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.						False				False												
'449552672	04/11/2001	10:26:00 PST	10	10	50	540				trait																						rationalization; repression				id					regression									displacement										identification.			sexual urges are repressed.															power and feelings of superiority.			Carl Jung																					Carl Jung.									being based solely on experimental evidence.									the strength of the person's superego			controlled solely by external, environmental events.						the trait perspective										factor analysis																						genetic influences; environmental influences																					Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.															become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.						False				False												
O542159944	04/11/2001	10:36:14 PST	12	12	60	463									'The Interpretation of Dreams'				the collective unconscious												Eros.		seek pleasure and avoid pain.											rationalization				attributing one's own unacceptable urges to others.																									introvert and extravert																															Sigmund Freud			conditional positive regard			Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.													innately good, but can be warped by an unhealthy upbringing.																the MMPI technique									five-factor																			Trait theories have no empirical research support.				Carl Jung and Karen Horney	Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung														the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).						a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.	graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.																			True							
T527799754	04/11/2001	11:51:28 PST	1	1	100	6341									'Studies in Hysteria'																																		displacement; sublimation				oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic				is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.															Each person is motivated to overcome the weaknesses in his or her particular archetype.		the mandala.																																		punishment; exaggerate																			'When one's own sense of unconditional positive regard is undermined by environmental influences, man suffers at man's own hands.'															introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.					the five-factor model of personality.							External situations have much more influence over human behavior than do internal personality traits.				cannot be measured by any known personality tests.							although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.			personality differences among family members										Rorschach Inkblot Test		Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.				Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.							She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.											True													False				
U527799754	04/11/2001	11:55:18 PST	13	13	65	6571									'Studies in Hysteria'																																		displacement; sublimation				oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic				is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.															Each person is motivated to overcome the weaknesses in his or her particular archetype.		the mandala.																																		punishment; exaggerate																			'When one's own sense of unconditional positive regard is undermined by environmental influences, man suffers at man's own hands.'															introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.					the five-factor model of personality.							External situations have much more influence over human behavior than do internal personality traits.				cannot be measured by any known personality tests.							although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.			personality differences among family members										Rorschach Inkblot Test		Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.				Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.							She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.											True													False				

<543216925	04/11/2001	14:56:30 PST	0	0	0	28	n/r				n/r									n/r																n/r						n/r														n/r																n/r				n/r																													n/r											n/r	n/r			n/r					n/r														n/r				n/r																	n/r											n/r					n/r																		n/r															n/r										

<543216925	04/11/2001	15:08:03 PST	0	0	0	21										n/r			n/r									n/r			n/r			n/r							n/r														n/r																			n/r																							n/r								n/r				n/r							n/r			n/r											n/r																n/r																							n/r													n/r																	n/r				n/r		n/r														
	04/12/2001	14:10:26 PST	10	10	50	3415																				the id										superego											Repression; denial																						Alfred Adler				water and fire								Albert Bandura				Erikson; Adler												the importance of genetic factors in personality.		They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.																								innately good, but can be warped by an unhealthy upbringing.									unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			surface																						two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.						identical twins	also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.			Trait theories only deal with one aspect of personality and do not address other issues, such as motivation, growth and development, or the role of the unconscious.																							n/r						her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.			True										False										
541706820	04/12/2001	17:05:41 PST	15	15	75	730							cocaine																								superego	It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.																					the Oedipus complex.								Carl Jung; Alfred Adler									human relationships													Adler; Horney		Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.																											Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory					largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.									unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			conscious		psychoanalytic; social cognitive										the five-factor model of personality.	social cognitive								measuring similarities and differences among people who are genetically related in differing degrees							identical twins				Trait theories have no empirical research support.																														become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.									True													
H449552672	04/13/2001	10:10:01 PST	10	10	50	361			the trait perspective; the humanistic perspective			humanistic		Alfred Adler			he was awarded a teaching position at Oxford University.							the ego		the id															sublimation								displacement; sublimation											displacement.			incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.	directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes of the opposite-sex parent.									introvert and extravert																												Albert Bandura.	Carl Rogers.						conditional positive regard; deny																					the trait perspective		trait; social cognitive																																																																		become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.				True														False				
‡000308558	04/13/2001	10:47:36 PST	16	16	80	1651	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.																																																fixation; oral																											Karen Horney																the only way to understand the development of a psychologically healthy personality was to study people with severe psychological problems.								the unconscious fear of getting caught.							social cognitive								Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.										psychoanalytic; trait	unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			surface														Introversion, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Stability, and Psychoticism.		display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.										genetic influences; environmental influences											Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung										Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.						16 PF														True				False								True		False			
543514422	04/13/2001	13:21:50 PST	7	7	35	1211													the preconscious																							displacement					Reaction formation; rationalization				reaction formation						first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface.																	the temple.												an archetype									the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement														self-efficacy																												psychoanalytic; social cognitive														display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.															Ellen's relationship with her older brother may have affected her personality development.		unconscious influences on personality and behavior	psychoanalytic; humanistic					empirical data that showed that people born in different months had particular personality characteristics.									projective test.			the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).																			False		False	True											
	04/13/2001	15:31:31 PST	13	13	65	1045		focus on explaining the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.																		the id													increase anxiety.			displacement					Sublimation; displacement		rationalization; repression					the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.																																							they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.					all people eventually achieve self-actualization.																									largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.				'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'																											Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.								environmental influences; genetic influences	fraternal twins					personality differences among family members												CPI and MMPI.									Research studies have established that the MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF are all reliable and valid measures of personality.										True				False											False					

	04/13/2001	15:51:28 PST	7	7	35	626													the preconscious						the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification						sublimation.													repression									oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic											achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.	unconscious mental processes influence behavior.										the neurotic versus the psychotic				girls resolve the Oedipus complex long before boys do.						Adler; Horney					Karen Horney																													Factor 5, Conscientiousness.												trait; social cognitive																				display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.					using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.							identical twins	also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.															Rorschach Inkblot Test															Graphology is an accurate methodology for studying personality.									False																
J541706820	04/13/2001	15:57:12 PST	16	16	80	671									'Studies in Hysteria'													reality principle; pleasure principle																																	latency					Carl Jung																				a superiority complex											unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.						Sigmund Freud							Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.										the strength of the person's superego													a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.		surface	surface traits; source traits						neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.	Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.	extraverts; introverts		his nervous system is not as easily aroused as is an extravert's nervous system.										using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.	two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.	is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.																	Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.																																												
ÿ	04/13/2001	16:05:49 PST	7	7	35	577					humanistic								the collective unconscious																																									fixation.								men often suffer from womb envy.						the mandala.										guilt										the idea that early childhood experiences are important to adult relationships and personality development												his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.				Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.								Carl Rogers; humanistic psychology												psychoanalytic																			Introversion, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Stability, and Psychoticism.																siblings only share about 10 percent of the same genes.		Trait theories only deal with one aspect of personality and do not address other issues, such as motivation, growth and development, or the role of the unconscious.	unconscious influences on personality and behavior																																		False	False											False		True		False	
Y541706820	04/13/2001	16:06:53 PST	19	19	95	1252									'Studies in Hysteria'													reality principle; pleasure principle																																	latency					Carl Rogers																				a superiority complex											the study of psychologically healthy people.						Sigmund Freud							Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.										the strength of the person's superego													a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.		surface	surface traits; source traits						introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.	Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.	extraverts; introverts		he would prefer a quiet environment, because he would tend to react to new stimuli less intensely than an extravert would.										using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.	two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.	is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.																	Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.																																												
‹541706820	04/13/2001	16:18:13 PST	13	13	65	587														feelings of anger toward one's parents																	ego											atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.					oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic																				anima and animus					approval and affection.			Carl Jung			inferiority						Alfred Adler								human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.			Sigmund Freud.																					flexible.																														personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.	personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.				two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.																		Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.								projective test.									a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.														False									False				
Scameron thomson	04/16/2001	10:11:52 PST	15	15	75	496												unconscious			manifest	latent	latent content.								Eros.			ego; reality principle		superego														displacement												become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.											anima and animus			human relationships					Albert Bandura				Jung; Horney																																									The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.									surface	surface traits; source traits	surface trait; source trait																							Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.	genetic influences; environmental influences																																									False																	
ß080623477	04/16/2001	10:18:21 PST	19	19	95	349																		the id					the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world				seek pleasure and avoid pain.											rationalization											fixation; oral	the Oedipus complex.																												inferiority																																			self-efficacy.														a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.			surface traits; source traits				Raymond Cattell	sixteen		Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.										personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.																								a projective test							Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.									graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.								False								True		True								
æ542159944	04/16/2001	10:22:39 PST	14	14	70	421						humanistic															id; ego											It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.										channeling sexual urges into productive, nonsexual activities.																					Alfred Adler					the mandala.																Alfred Adler																		conditional positive regard; deny																				deliberate, conscious choices.			trait; social cognitive										sixteen					he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.																	identical twins	also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.																																			True					False			False		True							True	True		
‡364668427	04/16/2001	10:23:05 PST	16	16	80	635																latent												ego; reality principle						repression															fixation; oral				the Oedipus complex.														anima and animus					power and feelings of superiority.																	the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement							Carl Rogers.				the sense of guilt he would feel if he kept the money.						the healthy personality and creativity.						Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory			Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.						'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'												factor analysis																effects of behavior on genes and heredity.												Trait theories don't really explain how individual differences develop.																self-report inventory.											Graphology is a pseudoscience.			go to the student counseling center and ask to take the 16 PF.																						
ácameron thomson	04/16/2001	10:25:08 PST	17	17	85	554						social cognitive	cocaine				his life was threatened by the Nazis.	preconscious																															rationalization; repression				oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital		fixation; oral				the Oedipus complex.					achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.														power and feelings of superiority.										motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.										human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.																		self-efficacy interacts with the environment to determine one's reactions to events in one's life.				the strength of the person's superego									the trait perspective				a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.	trait									Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																	Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.																																a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.																											
©080623477	04/16/2001	10:27:30 PST	17	17	85	395									'The Interpretation of Dreams'					the interpretation of dreams							id; ego			libido									distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.								Sublimation; displacement						oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital				is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.																										there are eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan.		Jung; Horney			motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.			Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.																																	The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.			'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'																					five-factor																																Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.									Research studies have established that the MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF are all reliable and valid measures of personality.										True										True									True	
u364668427	04/16/2001	10:29:31 PST	16	16	80	1022																latent												ego; reality principle						repression															fixation; oral				the Oedipus complex.														anima and animus					power and feelings of superiority.																	the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement							Carl Rogers.				the sense of guilt he would feel if he kept the money.						n/r						n/r			Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.						'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'												factor analysis																effects of genes and heredity on behavior.												Trait theories have no empirical research support.																self-report inventory.											Graphology is an accurate methodology for studying personality.			become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.																						
t542159944	04/16/2001	10:34:23 PST	10	10	50	415								Carl Jung													id; ego																				Sublimation; displacement				reaction formation										latency					Carl Jung																Alfred Adler										a large group of patients who were randomly chosen to be a representative sample of the Austrian population.								striving for superiority over others.	Carl Rogers.																									The social cognitive perspective has no empirical support.																			stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal												similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.				genetic influences; environmental influences									Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura	Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura		projective tests and self-report inventories.																									True	True														True						
%cameronthmson	04/16/2001	10:35:01 PST	16	16	80	374																																							denial					reaction formation				the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.				latency; fixation			latency	become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.			unconscious mental processes influence behavior.																		there are eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan.														the importance of genetic factors in personality.											conditional positive regard; deny				the role of genetics in personality.							self-efficacy.	the strength of the person's superego	Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.																						Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.		stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal																genetic influences; environmental influences															projective test.					they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.																																		False				
x080623477	04/16/2001	10:38:56 PST	15	15	75	399																																										behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.											the Oedipus complex.															the mandala.								Albert Bandura															reciprocal determinism.																		Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.					the strength of the person's superego	Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.	flexible.															Freud; Maslow																				two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.								although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.					Albert Bandura; Carl Rogers						projective test.		Rorschach Inkblot Test									the 16 PF								aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.			True	True																False				
Ó542159944	04/16/2001	10:41:42 PST	15	15	75	344							morphine																								superego										Sublimation; displacement					With the exception of sublimation, all of the ego defense mechanisms increase feelings of anxiety.																														Karen Horney					a superiority complex					a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.			Freud's belief that women were more emotional and less ethical than men	humanistic psychology			They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.						his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.					Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.															The social cognitive perspective provides a good explanation of irrational human behavior.																					he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.		five-factor													genetic influences; environmental influences																				they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.																		True			True								False									
�cameronthomson	04/16/2001	10:43:10 PST	17	17	85	311	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.	attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.														latent																		repression													oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital										sexual urges are repressed.																						Jung; Horney				Adler; Horney		Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.								They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.							the sense of guilt he would feel if he kept the money.											self-efficacy.																					there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences.																																												Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.			the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI			16 PF	The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.							her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.									True							True							
²364668427	04/16/2001	10:43:15 PST	18	18	90	488								Joseph Breuer				preconscious																										rationalization						n/r																							anima and animus																								the study of psychologically healthy people.	human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.										conditional positive regard; deny												the strength of the person's superego												unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			source					Raymond Cattell								five-factor									two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.								although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.																						the 16 PF					a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.														False					True				False				
™080623477	04/16/2001	10:54:07 PST	18	18	90	583																				the id							seek pleasure and avoid pain.											rationalization																identification.							Carl Jung; Alfred Adler		Carl Jung					the mandala.																										the actualizing tendency.										Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.							self-efficacy.		self-efficacy.									the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.											factor analysis			introverted/neurotic; extraverted/neurotic; extraverted/stable; and introverted/stable.			stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal						display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.									There is no evidence that personality characteristics are influenced by genetics.																										the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).			The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to provide qualitative information about the individual's unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings.																												True		
545137614	04/17/2001	12:43:52 PST	15	15	75	410								Joseph Breuer												the superego														repression										rationalization										identification.											is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.						basic anxiety			womb envy													they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.																	Rogers believed that psychological problems can occur when people are in a state of incongruence and out of touch with their true feelings.		the healthy personality and creativity.																																							display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.															Ellen's relationship with her older brother may have affected her personality development.															they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.			Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.															True		True								True	False						True			
Ò414414441	04/19/2001	11:22:48 PST	10	10	50	999				psychoanalytic												lucid																It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.								projection			denial; projection													become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.											anima and animus								Albert Bandura		there are eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan.																																						The absence of unconditional positive regard in Gillian's childhood has left her full of self-doubt and anxiety.						'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'											because personality is so complex, no single set of personality dimensions can possibly describe the nature of a unique individual.																							genetic influences; environmental influences					Ellen's relationship with her older brother may have affected her personality development.											a projective test															a technique used by trait theorists to uncover unconscious motives.				her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.								True						False			True						
™526-956732	04/19/2001	12:07:42 PST	18	18	90	852						humanistic													the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification			reality principle; pleasure principle																					undoing; reaction formation																					Carl Jung										womb envy					Jung; Horney				Adler; Horney										They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.													human aggression.		the social cognitive perspective																						surface traits; source traits							Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																		genetic influences; environmental influences							personality differences among family members										Rorschach Inkblot Test			they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.								The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to provide qualitative information about the individual's unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings.	Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.				Graphology is a pseudoscience.																									
°414414441	04/19/2001	13:14:20 PST	15	15	75	747						social cognitive			'The Interpretation of Dreams'					the interpretation of dreams				the id	the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification											superego			distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.				repression																																									inferiority	Jung; Horney			are the most fundamental archetype of the collective unconscious.				a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.								the actualizing tendency.																				the strength of the person's superego				The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.					the trait perspective																																genetic influences; environmental influences				siblings only share about 10 percent of the same genes.													Rorschach Inkblot Test																													False												
	414414441	04/19/2001	13:33:23 PST	16	16	80	537						humanistic							the collective unconscious																		ego		distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.					rationalization																		become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.									is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.	Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.	anima and animus			unconditional love and acceptance	basic anxiety															a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.						human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.				Alfred Adler.										the healthy personality and creativity.																							surface															people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.																	Trait theories have no empirical research support.									projective test.																								False																			
G414414441	04/19/2001	13:46:08 PST	17	17	85	560					humanistic																										superego																																	Carl Jung		Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.													Jung; Horney				Adler; Horney			a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.																									self-efficacy.			the strength of the person's superego		flexible.					'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'										introversion; extroversion		factor analysis																													the effects of unconditional positive regard in early childhood	psychoanalytic; humanistic									Rorschach Inkblot Test									the 16 PF		Research studies have established that the MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF are all reliable and valid measures of personality.			a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.																		False									
014646257	04/20/2001	10:51:10 PST	11	11	55	369						humanistic									repressed																	It is the component of personality that operates on the reality principle.				displacement							denial; projection							the Oedipus complex.	is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.					become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.																	males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.			Alfred Adler																		conditional positive regard.									conditional positive regard			the healthy personality and creativity.																the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.	the trait perspective						surface										unstimulating; compensate for her outgoing personality style						display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.																													Minnesota Multiphasic Test and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.																											False												
ä014646257	04/20/2001	11:00:20 PST	14	14	70	327																																			reaction formation																											personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.				Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.		the mandala.			basic anxiety									a superiority complex			Adler; Horney							humanistic psychology												punishment; exaggerate	unconditional positive regard							unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality.			self-efficacy.																									extraverts; introverts		he would seek out and thrive in a highly stimulating environment.						people changed markedly throughout the lifespan.																personality differences among family members	psychoanalytic; social cognitive															Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.									graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.																			True							
º014646257	04/20/2001	11:07:50 PST	13	13	65	308																	manifest content.														ego																									become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.					Carl Jung; Alfred Adler														Albert Bandura	Karen Horney						motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.														Carl Rogers.		Carl Rogers	his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.							the healthy personality and creativity.										composed of the id, ego, and superego.									trait; social cognitive								factor analysis								the five-factor model of personality.																identical twins			Siblings generally have no more than 10 percent of their genes in common, so it is not surprising that their personalities are so different.																													those aspects of the self-concept that are congruent with a person's emotions and experiences.											False												True	
a014646257	04/20/2001	11:14:11 PST	13	13	65	254									'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life'								manifest content.			the id																						behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.							fixation; oral																														Jung; Horney			motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.	Adler; Horney	Karen Horney			they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.	the idea that some people are better than others at controlling their impulses and directing their energies toward socially acceptable ends																																							a specific defense mechanism that produces a particular pattern of behavior.						factor analysis										Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.				personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.															personality differences among family members											Rorschach Inkblot Test				aptitude test.																									True			True								
549338165	04/20/2001	12:20:33 PST	18	18	90	1080																						reality principle; pleasure principle																						displacement														directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes of the opposite-sex parent.																		Karen Horney							Adler; Horney																							the healthy personality and creativity.				human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.					Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.													trait			surface trait; source trait						Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.								display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.					using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.	two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.			Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the genetics of physical characteristics, not personality traits.															Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.						they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.																							False	True													True	
àguericke	04/20/2001	14:04:06 PST	8	8	40	318											his life was threatened by the Nazis.				repressed															id						sublimation	sublimation																fixation at the oral stage.																									inferiority			an inferiority complex						ethical guidelines prohibit this kind of research.				unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.			the actualizing tendency.			Carl Jung						self-efficacy			human aggression.		the social cognitive perspective																													Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																														projective tests and self-report inventories.														the MMPI																False														False		
5283826651	04/20/2001	14:14:46 PST	14	14	70	659													the unconscious									reality principle; pleasure principle				Eros; Thanatos			superego						sublimation														fixation; oral																								males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.			Albert Bandura																									conditional positive regard	conditional positive regard; deny				the healthy personality and creativity.				self-efficacy interacts with the environment to determine one's reactions to events in one's life.		Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory									'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'					unique combination of characteristics or attributes.	a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.								sixteen																		the number of personality traits that have been shown to be due to heredity or genetics.									unconscious influences on personality and behavior																																					True														
Ë283826651	04/20/2001	14:22:49 PST	18	18	90	1142													the collective unconscious									reality principle; pleasure principle				Eros; Thanatos			ego						sublimation														fixation; oral																								males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.			Karen Horney																									unconditional positive regard	conditional positive regard; deny				the healthy personality and creativity.				human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.		Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory									n/r					unique combination of characteristics or attributes.	a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.								sixteen																		an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.									personality differences among family members																																					True														
÷283826651	04/20/2001	14:54:14 PST	10	10	50	422											he wanted to return to the place where he was born.																																rationalization; repression											identification.															the neurotic versus the psychotic	human relationships	abandonment fear											are the most fundamental archetype of the collective unconscious.																											Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.	human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.																unique combination of characteristics or attributes.									sixteen														effects of behavior on genes and heredity.	studying identical twins who have been raised apart														Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura							a projective test											Rorschach Inkblot Test		Since some inventories have hundreds of items, people may not answer every item carefully and accurately.												True		True														True	
ü283826651	04/20/2001	15:00:07 PST	19	19	95	776											his life was threatened by the Nazis.																																undoing; reaction formation											identification.															the introvert versus the extravert	human relationships	basic anxiety											motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.																											Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.	human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.																unique combination of characteristics or attributes.									sixteen														effects of behavior on genes and heredity.	using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.														Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura							a projective test											16 PF		Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.												True		False														True	
þ283826651	04/20/2001	15:05:27 PST	20	20	100	1095											his life was threatened by the Nazis.																																undoing; reaction formation											identification.															the introvert versus the extravert	human relationships	basic anxiety											motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.																											Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.	human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.																unique combination of characteristics or attributes.									sixteen														effects of genes and heredity on behavior.	using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.														Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura							a projective test											16 PF		Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.												True		False														True	
§542232348	04/23/2001	11:43:46 PST	10	10	50	502		are impossible to test scientifically.																				reality principle; pleasure principle					seek pleasure and avoid pain.									displacement						atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.																achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.		Carl Rogers																												the idea that some people are better than others at controlling their impulses and directing their energies toward socially acceptable ends					They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.								conditional positive regard										self-efficacy.			n/r		n/r				n/r																															similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.																							CPI and MMPI.																			True	False				True			False												
·624030385	04/23/2001	11:53:33 PST	17	17	85	264			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective																						Thanatos.					superego											Sublimation; displacement	behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.										latency; fixation					identification with same-sex peers occurs.							Carl Jung							basic anxiety								Jung; Horney												the study of psychologically healthy people.																									flexible.	largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.																								the five-factor model of personality.																													projective test.				Minnesota Multiphasic Test and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.		Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.					the 16 PF			Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.				Graphology is a pseudoscience.																									
z585411019	04/23/2001	13:33:54 PST	17	17	85	414						social cognitive	cocaine																	libido																projection							oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital						the Oedipus complex.										Carl Jung			Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.																	Adler; Horney																								humanistic					Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory																				there are thousands of source traits, but only a few important surface traits.																		using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.																															the 16 PF		Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.	Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.		a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.			aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.																	True				False			
|507987312	04/23/2001	13:49:19 PST	16	16	80	337			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective					Joseph Breuer				conscious																								displacement	undoing																			become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.												the mandala.										inferiority																						his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.																flexible.						rationalization, sublimation, and projection.										there are thousands of source traits, but only a few important surface traits.																Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.						There is no evidence that personality characteristics are influenced by genetics.																											the 16 PF					a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.				her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.												True		False				False					
C585411014	04/23/2001	13:55:52 PST	15	15	75	311	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.										his life was threatened by the Nazis.					latent																																the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.							latency	n/r													the introvert versus the extravert				males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.							an inferiority complex													They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.																				self-efficacy.					The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.		The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.																							Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.										an estimate of the proportion of a particular person's personality that is determined solely by genetics.						although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.																									Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.								True		True					True														
i364668427	05/04/2001	10:41:15 PST	15	15	75	663								Carl Jung					the collective unconscious					the id	the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification							Eros; Thanatos																									is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.																							womb envy													they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.							the actualizing tendency.							conditional positive regard					the healthy personality and creativity.												The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.			'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'																			he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.										studying identical twins who have been raised apart																																	The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.								go to the student counseling center and ask to take the 16 PF.										False			False								True	
Í541233283	11/19/2001	16:52:36 PST	4	4	20	92	the way people perceive a particular person.		the humanistic perspective; the psychoanalytic perspective	social cognitive			morphine						the preconscious						the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts																																					are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.							Alfred Adler				introvert and extravert	clouds.																			they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.																			human aggression.																							conscious									psychotics; neurotics																														empirical data that showed that people born in different months had particular personality characteristics.	Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.			Thematic Apperception Test																							False													False			True		10.41.128.44	
353402389	03/12/2002	11:04:25 PST	12	12	60	544	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.														repressed																																											represses all sexual urges.												human relationships		independence and self-sufficiency.							Adler; Horney												reciprocal determinism.														being naively optimistic about human nature.														The social cognitive perspective has had a major impact on areas outside of personality theory and psychology, such as art, literature, and philosophy.					trait																				Asian societies tend to describe personality in terms of self-orientation and other-orientation, rather than in terms of individual characteristics.				Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.				is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.							although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.						Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura						a projective test					Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.																											True			True					False		
542886117	03/15/2002	12:08:53 PST	0	0	0	2151							cocaine																		Thanatos.																																					people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.														Karen Horney						motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.	Adler; Horney															Sigmund Freud										the social cognitive perspective																					surface				factor analysis						stimulating; lower her level of biological arousal										effects of genes and heredity on behavior.							environmental influences; genetic influences	identical twins						psychoanalytic; humanistic										Thematic Apperception Test			Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.																		False			False							False									
542886117	03/15/2002	12:09:50 PST	17	17	85	2208							cocaine																		Thanatos.																																					people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.														Karen Horney						motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.	Adler; Horney															Sigmund Freud										the social cognitive perspective																					surface				factor analysis						stimulating; lower her level of biological arousal										effects of genes and heredity on behavior.							environmental influences; genetic influences	identical twins						psychoanalytic; humanistic										Thematic Apperception Test			Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.																		False			False							False									
’536846905	03/15/2002	14:21:22 PST	11	11	55	438		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.				humanistic	cocaine									latent		the id																																																				human relationships																											Alfred Adler		his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.	his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.																unchanging.	largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.																																					There is no evidence that personality characteristics are influenced by genetics.					although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.			personality differences among family members			Alfred Adler and Carl Jung						a projective test									the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.			Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.				psychologists were better able to distinguish among the groups than either the graphologists or the untrained assessors.																								True		
­542886117	03/18/2002	12:41:32 PST	9	9	45	1149									'The Interpretation of Dreams'							lucid										Eros; Thanatos														sublimation						With the exception of sublimation, all of the ego defense mechanisms increase feelings of anxiety.																people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.																									they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.															conditional positive regard; deny										Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory	the self-concept.							The social cognitive perspective is based upon clinical observations of a very small group of people, most of whom were being treated for psychological problems.																																						also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.	parental treatment has no effect on personality characteristics.		Trait theories label and describe individual differences, but they do not explain personality.			Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura										16 PF and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.									Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.											False								True									False		
5536846905	03/18/2002	12:57:31 PST	0	0	0	373							cocaine																																									the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.			is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.		n/r	displacement.								n/r											males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.	womb envy			the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.																			Carl Rogers.																	self-efficacy.			flexible.		The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.																																						environmental influences; genetic influences										Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung				projective test.						Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.	self-report inventory.						Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.																													True	
536846905	03/18/2002	13:03:30 PST	16	16	80	293							cocaine	Carl Jung				conscious				latent						reality principle; pleasure principle			n/r					superego				repression				rationalization			Sublimation; displacement																									n/r								womb envy													they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.									Carl Rogers.																					largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.																																													personality differences among family members															self-report inventory.								She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.												False							False									
‘279488478	04/08/2002	13:06:44 PST	9	9	45	495							cocaine																				seek pleasure and avoid pain.											rationalization			Sublimation; displacement							the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.						fixation.			identification with same-sex peers occurs.																		Carl Jung														the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement	the social cognitive perspective on personality	the study of psychologically healthy people.																											The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.											surface																									Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the genetics of physical characteristics, not personality traits.							Trait theories don't really explain how individual differences develop.																						The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.						those aspects of the self-concept that are congruent with a person's emotions and experiences.	the archetypes she creates for herself.		True		False																			
„317569154	04/08/2002	13:07:10 PST	14	14	70	486	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.																														superego				projection				denial		Sublimation; displacement																					personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.	Carl Jung																					Carl Jung						the social cognitive perspective on personality																the healthy personality and creativity.	social cognitive				self-efficacy.													trait															stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal									External situations have much more influence over human behavior than do internal personality traits.					an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.																										the Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT																						False		True				True						
w	04/08/2002	13:20:04 PST	14	14	70	462			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective						'The Interpretation of Dreams'														the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts												sublimation	displacement				undoing																			unconscious mental processes influence behavior.		Carl Rogers; Karen Horney																	anxiety																																	self-efficacy.																																Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.												genetic influences; environmental influences									Karen Horney; Albert Bandura						projective test.						Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.			the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI																			False		False						True				False			
Á317569154	04/08/2002	13:23:42 PST	13	13	65	510				psychoanalytic														the id																										displacement	undoing		oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital							fixation.					early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.			personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.						the mandala.								Karen Horney						motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.						the idea that some people are better than others at controlling their impulses and directing their energies toward socially acceptable ends														conditional positive regard; deny						the social cognitive perspective										The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.			'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'																					five-factor																																									Research studies have established that the MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF are all reliable and valid measures of personality.	People may misjudge their own attitudes and behaviors.				Graphology is a pseudoscience.																									
¾542253436	04/10/2002	10:28:21 PST	14	14	70	757																		the id																													oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic		fixation; oral					identification.			identification with same-sex peers occurs.																								an inferiority complex			Alfred Adler				the idea that much of mental life is unconscious																											Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.																				five	introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.								people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.									an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.						although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.					Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura							a projective test																		those aspects of the self-concept that are congruent with a person's emotions and experiences.											False						False	False						
x544154691	04/10/2002	10:35:12 PST	9	9	45	1153			the humanistic perspective; the psychoanalytic perspective			social cognitive										latent					id; superego						channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.																			Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.							the Oedipus complex.																																								They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.		Carl Rogers.				his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.								humanistic							internalizing standards of behavior that are modeled by parents and others								rationalization, sublimation, and projection.							surface	source traits; surface traits							Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																	Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the genetics of physical characteristics, not personality traits.	genetic influences; environmental influences		identical twins																																						True																		
Â544154691	04/10/2002	10:52:11 PST	6	6	30	925				humanistic				Joseph Breuer								manifest			the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification	the ego	ego; superego																										oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic																										males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.					anxiety																conditional positive regard.										Rogers believed that psychological problems can occur when people are in a state of incongruence and out of touch with their true feelings.																								social cognitive													the interaction model.				become much more introverted and prefer a quieter lifestyle, a tendency that would increase throughout middle and late adulthood.						similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.				genetic influences; environmental influences		identical twins												Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.			Thematic Inkblot Test												People can sometimes successfully fake their responses or intentionally deceive the examiner.																													
/544154691	04/10/2002	14:04:03 PST	11	11	55	755					humanistic					patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.																					superego											behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.														become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.														striving for superiority																		the idea that much of mental life is unconscious	the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement				They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.												overemphasizing the role of genetics in personality development.														The social cognitive perspective has provided a way to test empirically psychoanalytic concepts, such as the Oedipus complex and superego.						trait; social cognitive				surface					Hans Eysenck													situational influences are also poor predictors of people's behavior on a particular occasion.							There is no evidence that personality characteristics are influenced by genetics.					although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.						Alfred Adler and Carl Jung																	16 PF										False																					
�544154691	04/10/2002	14:17:28 PST	19	19	95	1559					humanistic					patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.																					superego											behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.														become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.														human relationships																		the idea that children predictably progress through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital psychosexual stages	the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement				They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.												being naively optimistic about human nature.														Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.						psychoanalytic; trait				surface					Raymond Cattell													personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.							Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the genetics of physical characteristics, not personality traits.					although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.						Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura																	16 PF										False																					
‘625032143	04/10/2002	16:39:55 PST	14	14	70	1678																	lucid content.																															the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.		the Oedipus complex.																				sexual conflicts during the adolescent years						Alfred Adler		inferiority		a superiority complex			Adler; Horney																															internalizing standards of behavior that are modeled by parents and others																															display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.		personality traits are likely to predict behavior in highly structured situations that involve many social rules, rather than in informal situations.	Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.																									Thematic Apperception Test			Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.			the Multiple Aptitude Test, or MAT		the 16 PF																		True			True							False			True	
‘625032143	04/10/2002	16:40:01 PST	14	14	70	1684																	lucid content.																															the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.		the Oedipus complex.																				sexual conflicts during the adolescent years						Alfred Adler		inferiority		a superiority complex			Adler; Horney																															internalizing standards of behavior that are modeled by parents and others																															display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.		personality traits are likely to predict behavior in highly structured situations that involve many social rules, rather than in informal situations.	Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.																									Thematic Apperception Test			Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.			the Multiple Aptitude Test, or MAT		the 16 PF																		True			True							False			True	
ì	04/10/2002	17:02:44 PST	7	7	35	3047		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.						Carl Jung	'The Interpretation of Dreams'					memories of childhood																										sublimation						With the exception of sublimation, all of the ego defense mechanisms increase feelings of anxiety.															Carl Jung; Alfred Adler																													behavioral genetics				conditional positive regard.	Carl Rogers.						congruence		self-efficacy																												introversion; extroversion																				similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.		an estimate of the proportion of a particular person's personality that is determined solely by genetics.																		a projective test	Thematic Inkblot Test	Thematic Apperception Test																aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.											False													
|542253436	04/11/2002	13:56:15 PST	17	17	85	346			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective											the interpretation of dreams												the id; the ego			ego	superego																							the Oedipus complex.									personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.														Karen Horney																					Sigmund Freud															Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory												humanistic		unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			surface													five-factor	Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.										an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.		genetic influences; environmental influences										Alfred Adler and Carl Jung																	16 PF						Graphology is a pseudoscience.																									
Ä54415469	04/11/2002	14:53:34 PST	13	13	65	610							cocaine																				seek pleasure and avoid pain.																				oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital														Alfred Adler; Sigmund Freud																																	striving for superiority over others.	Carl Rogers.																											rationalization, sublimation, and projection.					a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.							Albert Bandura			Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.			he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.	the five-factor model of personality.				display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.		personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.				similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.																															16 PF							aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.																			True	False	False			
Ÿ544154691	04/11/2002	15:04:55 PST	9	9	45	462		focus on explaining the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.		psychoanalytic					'The Interpretation of Dreams'		he wanted to return to the place where he was born.	preconscious			repressed		manifest content.																																	the latency stage of psychosexual development.					phallic																			womb envy										Alfred Adler									They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.	the actualizing tendency.					his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.		conditional positive regard																																																																						a self-report inventory																psychologists were better able to distinguish among the groups than either the graphologists or the untrained assessors.							False				True												False			
ò541218720	04/12/2002	11:18:14 PST	11	11	55	624																			the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations										ego			It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.					undoing																						early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.									the mandala.								Carl Jung							Adler; Horney	Albert Bandura																his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.			unconditional positive regard	Rogers believed that basic human nature is positive, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy.		the role of genetics in personality.													Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.				the social cognitive perspective								surface trait; source trait	there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences.					Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																																							When they administer a projective test, different examiners may arrive at different conclusions about the same individual.						Rorschach Inkblot Test																															
¬236310209	04/12/2002	11:24:05 PST	19	19	95	417											his life was threatened by the Nazis.																						distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.	repression									undoing; reaction formation																				Carl Jung					the mandala.							Karen Horney					a superiority complex						a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.	they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.								Sigmund Freud.							conditional positive regard; deny	unconditional positive regard																Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.																	introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.							Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.																														Thematic Apperception Test												She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.						become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.	True																					
1540929189	04/12/2002	12:47:00 PST	5	5	25	519	n/r	attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.							n/r					n/r					n/r	n/r										n/r																										become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.										n/r	n/r							n/r										n/r						humanistic psychology			They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.					n/r											n/r											n/r																											n/r																																																							n/r				True							
r625032143	04/12/2002	13:02:19 PST	9	9	45	361																																					sublimation		denial															fixation.			identification with same-sex peers occurs.			Carl Rogers	Carl Jung; Alfred Adler																																							the sense of guilt he would feel if he kept the money.						human aggression.																				unique combination of characteristics or attributes.			surface			behavior is determined more by situational influences than by innate personal characteristics.	factor analysis															Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.				is completely due to environmental influences.																the idea that gene expression was influenced by magnetic and gravitational fields.															Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.								create possible selves that are unrealistically optimistic to motivate himself to achieve the highest possible goals.												True	False						True			
×625032143	04/12/2002	13:10:48 PST	15	15	75	290														the interpretation of dreams																											Sublimation; displacement							the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.									incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.								is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.						basic anxiety	approval and affection.									an inferiority complex		Adler; Horney	Alfred Adler																			conditional positive regard							self-efficacy interacts with the environment to determine one's reactions to events in one's life.									The social cognitive perspective provides a good explanation of irrational human behavior.																																					environmental influences; genetic influences		also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.								Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung																	The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to provide qualitative information about the individual's unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings.			the study of graphs to assess unconscious personality traits.																		False			False						
A158384464	04/12/2002	13:13:11 PST	17	17	85	318																										Eros; Thanatos																																								Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.																				a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.	they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.						They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.	the actualizing tendency.	Sigmund Freud.			Carl Rogers				conditional positive regard; deny		Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.				the social cognitive perspective	Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.																																																									Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung							Thematic Apperception Test				projective test.										psychologists were better able to distinguish among the groups than either the graphologists or the untrained assessors.																			True		False	False	True			
»625032143	04/12/2002	13:19:54 PST	17	17	85	368				psychoanalytic		social cognitive						preconscious																ego; reality principle	ego												Sublimation; displacement																										anima and animus												Jung; Horney																	Carl Rogers.							unconditional positive regard													flexible.			Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.																																															Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung			Using CPI profiles, the astrologers could correctly predict the month in which a person was born.											the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).				Since some inventories have hundreds of items, people may not answer every item carefully and accurately.				Graphology is a pseudoscience.		her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.									True												True		
Ì158384464	04/12/2002	13:21:14 PST	16	16	80	378						social cognitive	cocaine																		Thanatos.														denial															identification.					unconscious mental processes influence behavior.							Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.			the introvert versus the extravert						Albert Bandura		the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.	inferiority				motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.														Sigmund Freud.			his or her self-concept.							the healthy personality and creativity.																								surface traits; source traits					five	neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.										personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.																															self-report inventory.																																				
D158384464	04/12/2002	13:28:12 PST	20	20	100	325			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective														latent content.		the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification					libido		Eros; Thanatos				superego				repression																											Carl Jung; Alfred Adler																																		Sigmund Freud.			Carl Rogers	his or her self-concept.																			The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.									a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.												stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal					people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.											genetic influences; environmental influences																														She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.										True							True	True										
¤625032143	04/12/2002	13:29:41 PST	13	13	65	468		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.											the unconscious																								undoing						denial; projection		displacement							castration anxiety; penis envy	the genital stage of psychosexual development.					achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.																			there are eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan.			a superiority complex		are the most fundamental archetype of the collective unconscious.		Alfred Adler																				Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.	being naively optimistic about human nature.												largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.																																				an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.	Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.																			Thematic Apperception Test																																True						True		
—625032143	04/12/2002	13:39:16 PST	16	16	80	384											he was awarded a teaching position at Oxford University.		the collective unconscious							the superego																					Sublimation; displacement									the Oedipus complex.														Robert Plomin															Jung; Horney						Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.																					the healthy personality and creativity.																					a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.							Hans Eysenck														Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.					an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.	Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.	genetic influences; environmental influences								psychoanalytic; humanistic										Thematic Apperception Test												She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.				aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.													True											
ô074660350	04/12/2002	13:45:16 PST	7	7	35	529								Albert Bandura																	Thanatos.											displacement	sublimation									The most basic ego defense mechanism is repression, which occurs to some degree in every ego defense mechanism.							the genital stage of psychosexual development.	fixation.										Alfred Adler										womb envy	Carl Jung											a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.														the unconscious fear of getting caught.																	innately destructive, but can be raised to conform to societal rules.	The social cognitive perspective emphasizes insights derived from case studies.				the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.								surface traits; source traits																																																		the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).	the 16 PF																True					False											
^074660350	04/12/2002	13:55:04 PST	5	5	25	256		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.				humanistic				patients saying the first word that came to mind in response to another word.											id; superego					n/r	n/r																		undoing																				n/r														Jung; Horney			n/r														Carl Rogers.		Carl Rogers				unconditional positive regard; accept	conditional positive regard	n/r																n/r			n/r																													cannot be measured by any known personality tests.																											n/r																					False													
ø563530141	04/12/2002	14:13:33 PST	7	7	35	507				social cognitive						patients making up a story about an ambiguous picture.																			superego																					the Oedipus complex.		latency; fixation				n/r																																	the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement			all people eventually achieve self-actualization.							his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.		conditional positive regard				overemphasizing the role of genetics in personality development.		humanistic																																			social cognitive				personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.			behaviors that are determined solely by genes.	measuring similarities and differences among people who are genetically related in differing degrees						environmental influences; genetic influences															a projective test								the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI													True																					
543029519	04/15/2002	11:07:37 PST	15	15	75	370		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.															lucid content.				id; superego																					atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.											the Oedipus complex.							Karen Horney											abandonment fear						the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.			a superiority complex																Carl Rogers.					conditional positive regard																																		sixteen													Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.			two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.			Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.	genetic influences; environmental influences											Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung						Rorschach Inkblot Test	Thematic Apperception Test	Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.																																							
f543029519	04/15/2002	11:18:25 PST	10	10	50	362												conscious				latent						reality principle; pleasure principle								superego	superego				projection	displacement																		fixation.																								n/r																																				n/r										humanistic										Raymond Cattell					stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal											using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.		is completely due to environmental influences.	an estimate of the proportion of a particular person's personality that is determined solely by genetics.				n/r			Siblings generally have no more than 10 percent of their genes in common, so it is not surprising that their personalities are so different.																																					True												False				
¨625032143	04/15/2002	11:26:23 PST	18	18	90	454																		the id				reality principle; pleasure principle										It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.				displacement				projection																							Alfred Adler									power and feelings of superiority.					the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.				an inferiority complex								the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement																						self-efficacy.																	trait				there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences.																					an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.				identical twins	demonstrate that some traits are wholly due to genetics, and other traits are wholly due to environmental influences.											Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.					Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.											She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.				aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.																								
563530141	04/15/2002	11:27:11 PST	7	7	35	459																	lucid content.							libido				id; pleasure principle		ego														undoing							is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.		the Oedipus complex.											Karen Horney															Adler; Horney			are resolved during the latency stage of psychosexual development.							the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement	the social cognitive perspective on personality																							a defense mechanism.					The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.										humanistic													the 16 PF.			every culture has its own unique way of describing the basic structure of personality.																									Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.															People can sometimes successfully fake their responses or intentionally deceive the examiner.																												True	
Â543029519	04/15/2002	11:30:20 PST	9	9	45	374								Albert Bandura			his life was threatened by the Nazis.		the conscious																																											become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.									n/r											Carl Jung												the idea that much of mental life is unconscious				all people eventually achieve self-actualization.									conditional positive regard																		n/r		n/r			trait												n/r															two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.	is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.																		projective test.					different examiners are likely to find very similar results if they give the test to the same individual.																create possible selves that are unrealistically optimistic to motivate himself to achieve the highest possible goals.							False														True	
w625032143	04/15/2002	11:34:05 PST	19	19	95	321				psychoanalytic														the id				reality principle; pleasure principle																						reaction formation																	Carl Jung; Alfred Adler					Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.										Albert Bandura																				Carl Rogers.		Carl Rogers								the healthy personality and creativity.	social cognitive																			unique combination of characteristics or attributes.																																									projective tests and self-report inventories.									Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.		Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.										Graphology is a pseudoscience.			become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.					True										True		False					
˜317569154	04/15/2002	11:36:17 PST	16	16	80	463									'Civilization and Its Discontents'			preconscious								the id									ego																							castration anxiety; penis envy											Carl Jung									independence and self-sufficiency.						inferiority									they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.											Carl Rogers		his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.																composed of the id, ego, and superego.										unique combination of characteristics or attributes.										introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.			stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal			five-factor			display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.							is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.																																										True							False												
†552811325	04/15/2002	11:36:45 PST	14	14	70	710			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective					Joseph Breuer																libido	sublimation.														denial					reaction formation								castration anxiety; penis envy			latency								Erik Erikson							human relationships										an inferiority complex												human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.							his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.																								the trait perspective		psychoanalytic; trait																													Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the genetics of physical characteristics, not personality traits.													projective tests and self-report inventories.											Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.						Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.											False																		
A279488478	04/15/2002	11:36:56 PST	14	14	70	452			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective																																			undoing							identification								the genital stage of psychosexual development.								Carl Jung; Alfred Adler										abandonment fear																			humanistic psychology											conditional positive regard	conditional positive regard; deny	unconditional positive regard							human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.									Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.						trait; social cognitive	unique combination of characteristics or attributes.								Raymond Cattell		introverted/neurotic; extraverted/neurotic; extraverted/stable; and introverted/stable.													effects of genes and heredity on behavior.																																								aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.																		False					True	
1563530141	04/15/2002	11:39:23 PST	19	19	95	1192																	latent content.							libido				ego; reality principle		ego														reaction formation							is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.		the Oedipus complex.											Carl Jung															Jung; Horney			motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.							the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement	humanistic psychology																							self-efficacy.					The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.										trait													the five-factor model of personality.			people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.																									Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.															Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.																												True	
.543029519	04/15/2002	11:40:17 PST	16	16	80	274							cocaine																															rationalization		projection							oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital							identification.				directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes of the opposite-sex parent.				personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.																														human motives are arranged in a hierarchy.																the psychoanalytic perspective	Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.					the strength of the person's superego									the trait perspective					n/r					factor analysis											people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.							two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.								siblings only share about 10 percent of the same genes.																				the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI									n/r																		True							
Ô227453920	04/15/2002	11:41:10 PST	15	15	75	698															latent		lucid content.																		sublimation			undoing																		become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.					Carl Jung; Alfred Adler						anima and animus							womb envy			the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.				an inferiority complex																																																surface									extraverts; introverts														is completely due to environmental influences.									Trait theories have no empirical research support.		psychoanalytic; humanistic											Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.	they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.					the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).																					False					True							
á625032143	04/15/2002	11:43:15 PST	19	19	95	409						social cognitive																								superego		It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.																	fixation; oral			castration anxiety; penis envy				become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.												the mandala.				power and feelings of superiority.												Alfred Adler												Carl Rogers.									being naively optimistic about human nature.					human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.									Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.			the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.																							display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.										genetic influences; environmental influences						Trait theories have no empirical research support.										a projective test					Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.				the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).																																	
¥	04/15/2002	11:45:42 PST	16	16	80	449										patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.					repressed					the id																		rationalization																														the mandala.									the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.		Jung; Horney																		Sigmund Freud							Rogers advocated the use of unconditional positive regard to promote the development of a psychologically healthy personality.																																								people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.		people changed markedly throughout the lifespan.	personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.	Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.															psychoanalytic; humanistic					empirical data that showed that people born in different months had particular personality characteristics.																		a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.								False								True				True					True		
J	04/15/2002	11:47:11 PST	18	18	90	270						humanistic			'Studies in Hysteria'									the id																														the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.								become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.					Carl Jung; Alfred Adler			Carl Jung			anima and animus	water.					males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.																the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement																												largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.																										Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.	people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.						using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.																												Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.		the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).									aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.					False					True														
543029519	04/15/2002	11:48:46 PST	14	14	70	212												preconscious		the interpretation of dreams	latent												seek pleasure and avoid pain.		superego						n/r												oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital						the Oedipus complex.																	human relationships														Karen Horney				the idea that children predictably progress through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital psychosexual stages									Sigmund Freud			his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.													n/r						Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.					trait																																															a projective test										n/r																				False			False									
Å	04/15/2002	11:49:24 PST	8	8	40	437															repressed										Thanatos.																						oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic										sexual urges are repressed.		early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.		Carl Jung; Alfred Adler																	inferiority																				Sigmund Freud							being naively optimistic about human nature.																					self-concept.											Psychotic-Extraverted; Psychotic-Introverted; Psychotic-Stable; and Psychotic-Unstable.									people often lie on personality questionnaires, and their personalities are less consistent than the questionnaires seemed to show.						cannot be measured by any known personality tests.										personality differences among family members			Carl Jung and Karen Horney																		Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.									False					True										False	False					

<543029519	04/15/2002	11:52:34 PST	0	0	0	18					n/r																					n/r						n/r						n/r																																		n/r						n/r																																						n/r			n/r										n/r						n/r														n/r				n/r		n/r																														n/r	n/r	n/r									n/r	n/r								n/r		n/r						
„625032143	04/15/2002	11:53:19 PST	18	18	90	249			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective	psychoanalytic		social cognitive				patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.																							operate consciously.																							become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.	incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.			Carl Rogers					is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.																					a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.								the actualizing tendency.														the social cognitive perspective																																																							psychoanalytic; humanistic						Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.									Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.											aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.																True		True			False		True	

540929189	04/15/2002	11:58:10 PST	19	19	95	1030								Joseph Breuer											the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification					libido	Thanatos.																Sublimation; displacement																		unconscious mental processes influence behavior.						is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.										Karen Horney												they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.		the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement						Sigmund Freud.								unconditional positive regard						Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.													the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.									surface trait; source trait		factor analysis																		two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.																																									True							True					False									

<574867460	04/17/2002	12:34:51 PST	0	0	0	15		n/r																n/r																			n/r	n/r														n/r															n/r			n/r				n/r					n/r		n/r	n/r																			n/r						n/r																																					n/r							n/r							n/r																	n/r					n/r																										n/r			n/r				

<574867460	04/17/2002	12:41:25 PST	0	0	0	18																				n/r															n/r														n/r										n/r																					n/r												n/r																						n/r			n/r							n/r												n/r					n/r			n/r							n/r		n/r		n/r		n/r		n/r																																											n/r							n/r	n/r			

<574867460	04/17/2002	12:47:47 PST	0	0	0	13												n/r	n/r			n/r										n/r	n/r									n/r		n/r										n/r																													n/r	n/r														n/r				n/r									n/r																						n/r																				n/r								n/r													n/r																	n/r																					n/r						n/r	
546350397	04/18/2002	12:25:34 PST	2	2	100	631																																		repression									rationalization; repression																			personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.			is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.					unconditional love and acceptance								inferiority	Jung; Horney																Albert Bandura.	Carl Rogers.		Carl Rogers							being naively optimistic about human nature.							Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory							The social cognitive perspective has had a major impact on areas outside of personality theory and psychology, such as art, literature, and philosophy.		'When one's own sense of unconditional positive regard is undermined by environmental influences, man suffers at man's own hands.'																																	Heritability estimates can only be used to describe the differences among a specific group of people; they do not explain the characteristics of a particular individual.				demonstrate that personality traits are almost entirely due to genetics, and environmental influences have no effect on personality.																		Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.	aptitude test.																True											False									
ç341621585	04/18/2002	12:26:07 PST	14	14	70	641			the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective						'The Interpretation of Dreams'					the interpretation of dreams	latent																			repression																											Carl Jung; Alfred Adler										abandonment fear																they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.																				social cognitive						self-efficacy.									deliberate, conscious choices.									surface trait; source trait														display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.							cannot be measured by any known personality tests.																	Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.									Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.											those aspects of the self-concept that are congruent with a person's emotions and experiences.				True	False															False				
g546350397	04/18/2002	12:39:42 PST	16	16	80	521								Joseph Breuer	'The Interpretation of Dreams'																		seek pleasure and avoid pain.										projection												fixation; oral															Carl Jung			anima and animus					power and feelings of superiority.																														conditional positive regard; deny																								unique combination of characteristics or attributes.										introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.							Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.					The debate rages on and will probably never be resolved.			two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.														Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura																	16 PF										True		False																False	True		

341621585	04/18/2002	12:41:21 PST	14	14	70	510																		the id							sublimation.																							the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.											early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.		Carl Jung; Alfred Adler				is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.	Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.																																												unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality.	self-efficacy.							The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.												source traits; surface traits	surface trait; source trait		factor analysis																										although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.			personality differences among family members		Albert Bandura; Carl Rogers	Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura										they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.		projective test.																			True																	
²546350397	04/18/2002	12:55:07 PST	14	14	70	450					humanistic			Joseph Breuer		patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.																				superego				repression																							identification with same-sex peers occurs.	achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.							is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.																					his family members.									Alfred Adler.				his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.				unconditional positive regard									Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory															a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.																					Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.																	Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura				Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.					Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.														Graphology is a pseudoscience.						True																			
341621585	04/18/2002	12:56:23 PST	16	16	80	541		are impossible to test scientifically.																the id		the id																	undoing															castration anxiety; penis envy		identification.			identification with same-sex peers occurs.										anima and animus														an inferiority complex						they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.		the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement		the importance of genetic factors in personality.																social cognitive			human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.	self-efficacy.																							Raymond Cattell													personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.								genetic influences; environmental influences																															the study of graphs to assess unconscious personality traits.																				True							

<574867460	04/19/2002	12:03:23 PST	0	0	0	16									n/r				n/r																											n/r						n/r												n/r			n/r									n/r											n/r				n/r				n/r		n/r		n/r											n/r								n/r		n/r										n/r							n/r																		n/r												n/r																																	n/r																			

;574867460	04/19/2002	12:10:40 PST	0	0	0	7				n/r		n/r							n/r						n/r						n/r																		n/r							n/r						n/r								n/r											n/r					n/r																n/r		n/r			n/r								n/r																					n/r					n/r														n/r																									n/r																																					n/r		

;574867460	04/19/2002	12:16:44 PST	0	0	0	7		n/r									n/r																													n/r														n/r		n/r							n/r																									n/r				n/r					n/r								n/r																					n/r																																		n/r													n/r				n/r		n/r																						n/r		n/r				n/r				n/r	n/r	

;574867460	04/19/2002	12:22:33 PST	0	0	0	6	n/r									n/r	n/r																	n/r														n/r	n/r											n/r			n/r												n/r																						n/r	n/r								n/r																																														n/r				n/r																												n/r		n/r									n/r						n/r												n/r			n/r			

574867460	04/19/2002	12:30:42 PST	13	13	65	209								Joseph Breuer			his life was threatened by the Nazis.					latent				the id												It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.																				n/r															anima and animus																				they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.						They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.						his or her self-concept.																					n/r							a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.									introverted/neurotic; extraverted/neurotic; extraverted/stable; and introverted/stable.										personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.		n/r				cannot be measured by any known personality tests.										unconscious influences on personality and behavior					n/r												the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI									Graphology is a pseudoscience.																									
‹574867460	04/22/2002	09:23:12 PST	19	19	95	324		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.									his life was threatened by the Nazis.											reality principle; pleasure principle	the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world		Thanatos.									repression	projection																																									Karen Horney												the idea that children predictably progress through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital psychosexual stages																				the social cognitive perspective													'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'		the trait perspective			unique combination of characteristics or attributes.																				personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.			effects of genes and heredity on behavior.																Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura		projective tests and self-report inventories.												the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI													False																		False			
•574867460	04/22/2002	09:28:49 PST	20	20	100	219							cocaine								manifest				the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification									ego; reality principle						repression			undoing																																					womb envy					Jung; Horney															the actualizing tendency.			Sigmund Freud												Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.										Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.	The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.																introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.															two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.				genetic influences; environmental influences																					Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.														her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.	become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.			False																			
"574867460	04/22/2002	09:34:47 PST	16	16	80	311	an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.	attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.							'Studies in Hysteria'								latent content.																																																							power and feelings of superiority.																											his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.			conditional positive regard; deny														flexible.		The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.	Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.				the trait perspective								surface trait; source trait		factor analysis							he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.															genetic influences; environmental influences								psychoanalytic; humanistic																				The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.	People can sometimes successfully fake their responses or intentionally deceive the examiner.			psychologists were better able to distinguish among the groups than either the graphologists or the untrained assessors.							False																			
j574867460	04/22/2002	09:42:02 PST	20	20	100	310									'Studies in Hysteria'						manifest																									projection			undoing; reaction formation	reaction formation																											basic anxiety														Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.												Sigmund Freud		his or her self-concept.							the healthy personality and creativity.			Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.																			trait																	display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.										genetic influences; environmental influences		identical twins									Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung						Rorschach Inkblot Test				Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.						16 PF													True																		
‰574867460	04/22/2002	09:49:27 PST	19	19	95	354							cocaine						the collective unconscious	the interpretation of dreams																					sublimation						Sublimation; displacement	behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.											the Oedipus complex.				incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.																		Karen Horney										Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.	a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.									Sigmund Freud.																		self-efficacy.	the strength of the person's superego														social cognitive																		personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.																										Rorschach Inkblot Test																					True					False											False				
ƒ574867460	04/22/2002	09:54:04 PST	20	20	100	181									'Studies in Hysteria'		his life was threatened by the Nazis.									the id			the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world			Eros; Thanatos		ego; reality principle						repression					denial																					Carl Rogers										human relationships											an inferiority complex			Alfred Adler																									Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.										Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.	The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.	'Massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse.'																																an estimate of the degree to which differences within a given population are influenced by genetics.																											the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).																	False															True	
Y574867460	04/22/2002	09:58:33 PST	9	9	45	219																					n/r									superego										projection	Sublimation; displacement	n/r					n/r				n/r											personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.							the introvert versus the extravert																												Sigmund Freud	n/r													self-efficacy.			n/r											psychoanalytic; trait							n/r																		using genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.											n/r																																										n/r				True	n/r					
‹574867460	04/22/2002	10:04:10 PST	19	19	95	176																				the id							seek pleasure and avoid pain.																														incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.					personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.	Carl Jung			Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.											the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.								Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.														his or her self-concept.								social cognitive							the strength of the person's superego									the trait perspective						surface											he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.																		also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.																	they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.								The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.									False														True					True		
ø574867460	04/22/2002	10:10:13 PST	18	18	90	215							cocaine																	libido																					displacement			the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.							latency				unconscious mental processes influence behavior.						is the part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations.																						they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.																										self-efficacy.							The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.					psychoanalytic; trait			social cognitive									Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.																				identical twins				Trait theories have no empirical research support.								Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.					Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.													graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.				become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.											True											
574867460	04/22/2002	10:17:16 PST	20	20	100	314																	latent content.		the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification															repression							Sublimation; displacement															become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.				Carl Rogers															Karen Horney																				Sigmund Freud.									Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.					Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.																					surface traits; source traits									stimulating; raise her level of biological arousal					people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.								is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.							although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.	Siblings generally have no more than 10 percent of their genes in common, so it is not surprising that their personalities are so different.			psychoanalytic; humanistic															Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.				16 PF												False																			
i574867460	04/22/2002	10:24:47 PST	19	19	95	239					humanistic								the collective unconscious																		ego																																			Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.					basic anxiety										an inferiority complex					a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.												Carl Rogers		his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.			unconditional positive regard	Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.																																										personality traits did not reliably predict behavior in a particular situation.	personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.										identical twins																					Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.						Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.						her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.					True				True									False					
ò574867460	04/22/2002	10:28:51 PST	19	19	95	192		attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.										preconscious													Thanatos.																		undoing; reaction formation				oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital							identification.							Carl Jung; Alfred Adler																	superiority					Adler; Horney													Carl Rogers.				his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.			unconditional positive regard																						psychoanalytic; trait			trait					factor analysis					extraverts; introverts					Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.																	Siblings generally have no more than 10 percent of their genes in common, so it is not surprising that their personalities are so different.	Trait theories have no empirical research support.																										graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.																										
Ÿ574867460	04/22/2002	10:34:05 PST	20	20	100	216											his life was threatened by the Nazis.															Eros; Thanatos										displacement									reaction formation									identification.																																																			being naively optimistic about human nature.				Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.					the strength of the person's superego								the failure of the ego, superego, and societal laws to control the aggressive impulses of the id.				unique combination of characteristics or attributes.					surface trait; source trait																personality traits may not reliably predict behavior on a specific occasion, but they do reliably predict behavior across many situations.															personality differences among family members						the assumption that the stars, sun, and planets revolved around the earth.			a projective test							Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.	the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI	the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).														False			False																
—542236539	04/22/2002	10:42:47 PST	13	13	65	497			the humanistic perspective; the psychoanalytic perspective	psychoanalytic		social cognitive																																																identification.		are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.																	girls resolve the Oedipus complex long before boys do.						Jung; Horney								they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.						They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong social need to be surrounded by other people.											Rogers believed that psychological problems can occur when people are in a state of incongruence and out of touch with their true feelings.																			the trait perspective													introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.				he would prefer a quiet environment, because he would tend to react to new stimuli less intensely than an extravert would.								Human behavior is always the result of the complex interaction between traits and situations, but personality traits are basically consistent across a wide range of situations.											although they grow up in the same home, siblings do not share the same experiences and environmental influences.																			Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.									graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.							True				True											False				
é522279685	06/10/2002	13:33:44 PST	13	13	65	470								Joseph Breuer			his life was threatened by the Nazis.															the id; the ego	channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.					It is 'a cauldron of seething excitement' that wants immediate gratification of instinctual drives and urges.																							genital									Carl Jung														inferiority																																	unconditional positive regard.				Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.											unique combination of characteristics or attributes.	a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.																															demonstrate that some traits are wholly due to genetics, and other traits are wholly due to environmental influences.			Trait theories have no empirical research support.			Karen Horney; Albert Bandura			projective tests and self-report inventories.												the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI								graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.																True		True								
[522279685	06/10/2002	13:38:07 PST	0	0	0	733								Albert Bandura			his life was threatened by the Nazis.															Eros; Thanatos	seek pleasure and avoid pain.					It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.																							latency									Carl Jung														inferiority																																	self-efficacy.				Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.											unique combination of characteristics or attributes.	a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.																															also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.			Trait theories have no empirical research support.			Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura			projective tests and self-report inventories.												the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI								graphologists performed only slightly better than untrained assessors and psychologists.																True		True