-176612 CHAPTER 23—WAR AND SOCIETY, 1914-1920 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). During World War I, the complicated alliances of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance were entente: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy; alliance: Great Britain, France, Russia. entente: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia; alliance: Great Britain, France, Italy. entente: Great Britain, France, Russia; alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy. entente: Great Britain, France, Italy; alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia. none of the above. C Average p. 686 Factual 1 All of the following factors contributed to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 except the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. the sinking of the Lusitania. the complicated defense alliances. European imperial ambitions. Balkan desire for independence. B Average p. 686 Factual 1 The initial U.S. policy regarding the European war was to offer immediate support to the Allied Powers. offer immediate support to the Central Powers. offer to mediate between the two camps. declare war on both sides. pursue a policy of neutrality. E Average p. 688 Factual 1 Before entry into the war, the United States traded with both Great Britain and Germany. traded only with Great Britain. refused to loan money to combatants. suspended exports to Great Britain in protest of the British blockade. ceased trade with both sides. A Average p. 688 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding the German attack on the Lusitania are true except it was an unwarranted attack against a purely passenger vessel. resulted in the loss of more than 100 American lives. was denounced strongly by Wilson. increased American hostility toward Germany. led to the resignation of Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. A Average p. 689 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not a factor in the growing U.S. movement toward war? German submarine warfare two revolutions in Russia German overtures toward Mexico German-American support of the war the desire to fight for freedom and democracy D Average p. 688-689 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson's and Colonel House's initial attempts to negotiate peace between the Allied Forces and the Central Powers resulted in the House-Grey memorandum that showed the U.S. bias toward the British. was geared toward finding a fair and impartial settlement. was supported by the British. reflected U.S. support of imperialism. showed U.S. bias toward Germany. B Most Difficult p. 689 Analytical 1 All of the following supported Woodrow Wilson's efforts to stay out of the war except German Americans. prominent U.S. socialists. Theodore Roosevelt. Irish ethnics. Jane Addams. C Least Difficult p. 689-690 Factual 1 Which of the following was not included in Woodrow Wilson's vision of a settlement that would achieve peace without victory? disarmament reaffirmation of the Monroe Doctrine freedom of the seas security against aggression right of self-determination B Average p. 690-691 Factual 1 The War Industries Board represented Woodrow Wilson's attempt to have a decentralized approach toward war mobilization. possessed complete authority over military and civilian wartime production. was criticized by Progressives as inefficient. nationalized all industries in the U.S. was not authorized to fix prices or wages. E Average p. 694 Factual 1 All of the following statements describe Bernard Baruch's leadership of the War Industries Board except war production increased substantially. his methods favored large corporations over small enterprises. his methods favored small corporations over large enterprises. the agency functioned better after he assumed leadership. industries were permitted to charge high prices. C Least Difficult p. 694 Factual 1 Which of the following groups entered the labor force in large numbers during the war? Mexicans, white southerners, and European immigrants African Americans, Mexicans, and children African Americans, white southerners, Mexicans, and women European immigrants, African Americans, and women Irish, German and Italian immigrants C Average p. 695-696 Factual 1 For the American worker, World War I meant increased unemployment. more leverage with employers. fewer job opportunities. lower wages. more competition with immigrant workers. B Least Difficult p. 696 Factual 1 The purpose of the War Labor Board was to continue efforts to send supplies abroad. resolve labor disputes. set wage and price levels. limit competition among various industries. ensure high profits for industry. B Average p. 697 Analytical 1 Most African-American soldiers were not permitted to register for the draft. considered by white soldiers to be superior fighters. assigned to all-black units and were sent to the front. assigned to integrated units. not allowed to fight. E Average p. 698 Factual 1 The bulk of U.S. war financing came from the sale of bonds. new taxes. deficit spending. tariffs. borrowing from abroad. A Average p. 701 Analytical 1 The Committee on Public Information's main function was to encourage young men to register. raise money for the war. ensure support for the peace treaty. deliver regular updates on the war's progress. raise the level of patriotism and support for the war E Least Difficult p. 701 Analytical 1 The Committee on Public Information successfully met the Progressive aim of unifying the nation. exacerbated social and cultural divisions. uncovered widespread espionage. was attacked by the general public. raised awareness and support for the peace treaty. B Average p. 702 Factual 1 The International Workers of the World and the Socialist Party always opposed the war. supported the war after U.S. entry. helped to staff the Committee on Public Information. recruited for the military. supported Germany in the war. A Average p. 703 Factual 1 All of the following groups contributed to repression in the name of democracy on the home front except the American Protective League. National Americanization Committee. Committee on Public Information. American Red Cross. Office of the Attorney General. D Least Difficult p. 702-703 Factual 1 The peace treaty negotiated by the Allies forced Germany to accept total responsibility for the war. left Germany with a large army. did not significantly alter European borders. did not include the League of Nations. ensure Germany's rapid economic recovery. A Most Difficult p. 705 Factual 1 World War I is called the first "total war" because the public totally supported U.S. involvement. every nation participated in the fighting. combatants devoted virtually all of their military, social, and industrial resources to the war. the victors achieved all of their war aims. total surrender was demanded. C Most Difficult p. 685 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson envisioned an international parliament that would act as a world court to try war criminals. control trade during wartime. unite the world in the organized pursuit of peace, security, and justice. eliminate all independent national armies and navies. eliminate all trade barriers. C Most Difficult p. 706 Analytical 1 In the election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson's campaign slogan was "He kept us out of war." the Republican presidential candidate was Theodore Roosevelt. Irish and German Americans supported the Socialist candidate Eugene V Debs. Woodrow Wilson won by the largest electoral margin in U.S. history. Woodrow Wilson ran on a war platform. A Average p. 690 Factual 1 Americans were outraged by the "Zimmermann telegram" because it revealed Woodrow Wilson's secret negotiations with both sides. caused the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. insulted President Wilson. was clearly a hoax created by the British to sour U.S.-German relations. encouraged Mexico to side with Germany in case the United States entered the war E Average p. 691 Factual 1 At the beginning of World War I, the U.S. identified most strongly with Great Britain. France. Austria-Hungary. Germany. Japan. A Least Difficult p. 688 Factual 1 Who among the following left the Paris Peace Conference after a disagreement with another delegate? Italy's Vittorio Orlando France's Georges Clemenceau Britain's David Lloyd George America's Woodrow Wilson none of the above A Average p. 705 Factual 1 The Eighteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. was the most important reform of Woodrow Wilson's administration. was partially an expression of anti-immigrant feelings stimulated by the war. was the only amendment passed by the Progressives. was not ratified for more than decade after it was passed by Congress. C Most Difficult p. 703 Analytical 1 In the Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson proposed that territorial settlements be based on the principle of self-determination. designed to restore the 1914 international boundaries. resolved in favor of the victors. negotiated at separate special conferences between the concerned ethnic groups. made by the League of Nations. A Average p. 705 Factual 1 The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by removing Kaiser Wilhelm II from power. placing Germany under the military control of France and England. assessing $33 billion in war reparations. giving independence to Finland and Belgium. executing all of the nation's leading officials. C Average p. 705 Factual 1 Critics of the Treaty of Versailles thought it was too easy on Germany. were mostly conservative Democrats. constituted a majority of Americans. wanted Germany to pay the full cost of the war thought it gave too much military power to the League of Nations. E Most Difficult p. 707 Factual 1 The Red Scare exemplified postwar American fear of foreign ideas and influences. ended when Woodrow Wilson voiced his opposition to repression. was led by labor unions and social reformers. completely destroyed the Socialist party of America. resulted from dozens of attacks by radicals in the United States. A Most Difficult p. 710 Analytical 1 After World War I, the United States entered a period of internal peace and harmony. violent labor disputes aroused public distrust of unions. thousands of black workers and war veterans enjoyed economic independence and equality in northern cities. the federal government aggressively protected the First Amendment rights of U.S. citizens. the right of workers to join unions was protected. B Most Difficult p. 709-712 Factual 1 Marcus Garvey was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. a strong supporter of integration. the founder of a black separatist organization. the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice. a Republican opponent of the League of Nations. C Least Difficult p. 713 Factual 1 The largest number of battle-related deaths during the First World War occurred among Americans. French. Germans. Russians. Italians. C Average p. 694 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson's hopes for a negotiated settlement with Germany were dashed by the sinking of the Lusitania. revelation of the Zimmermann telegram. German violations of the Sussex pledge. the failure of the House-Grey memorandum. the Republican victories in the congressional elections. B Average p. 691 Factual 1 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in 1914 by a British naval officer. rival for the Austrian throne. Bosnian nationalist. Socialist labor organizer. German radical. C Average p. 686 Factual 1 Before the U.S. entrance into World War I, when the British blockaded German ports, President Wilson raised no objection. suspended loans and exports to Britain. threatened to declare war against the British. protested but took no action against the British. cut off trade with the British. D Average p. 688 Analytical 1 In response to President Wilson's strong stand against submarine warfare, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned from office. publicly supported the President although he privately disagreed with him. accused Wilson of treason and called for impeachment proceedings against him. sided with the British. joined the Republican Party. A Average p. 689 Factual 1 Former President Theodore Roosevelt strongly opposed U.S. entrance into World War I. insisted that war with Germany was inevitable for the United States. supported Germany in World War I. ran against Woodrow Wilson in 1916 on a pro-war platform. organized a military unit to fight in World War I. B Least Difficult p. 688 Factual 1 Progressive reformer Jane Addams founded the Women's Peace Party and strongly opposed war. encouraged President Wilson to ask for a declaration of war. remained neutral on the war issue. favored Germany in World War I. favored the British in World War I. A Average p. 689 Factual 1 When Germany renewed submarine warfare in 1917 it planned to seek favorable terms of peace immediately and thus avoid U.S. entrance into the war. did not believe that President Wilson would held strong opposition to this war tactic. assumed the U.S. would enter the war but hoped to secure victory before the U.S. could mobilize. assumed the U.S. would enter the war but believed that it was too weak a power to make a difference in the outcome. believed that the British would immediately open negotiations for peace. C Most Difficult p. 691 Analytical 1 The fall of the tsar in Russia in 1917 gave President Wilson grounds to claim that the U.S. was fighting for democracy. proved that the Allies were too weak to win the war without U.S. help. convinced ethnic Americans and Socialists to support U.S. entrance into the war. brought the U.S. into the war to fight communism. marked the fall of another democratic government. A Most Difficult p. 691 Analytical 1 The United States joined the war effort in Europe as a formal ally of the British and French. as an ally of Russia. as an associated power to keep its war aims separate from the Allies. as an ally of the British but not the French. as an ally of Austria. C Most Difficult p. 691 Factual 1 When the United States entered World War I the British and French were on the verge of victory. Russia had defeated Germany in the East. the British were on the verge of defeat. it made little difference in the outcome of the war. Germany had already sued for peace. C Average p. 705-706 Analytical 1 The main reason for Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points address was to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles. convince Americans to buy Liberty Bonds. spur enlistment in the armed forces. convince the Central Powers to surrender. restore the Allies' credibility after publication of their secret wartime treaties. E Most Difficult p. 692 Analytical 1 During World War I the U.S. Railroad Administration performed poorly in coordinating rail shipments. shifted the rail system from private to public control. concentrated primarily on ensuring profits for the railroad companies. was disbanded by Congress. ensured equal opportunity for all races in railroad employment. B Average p. 694 Analytical 1 During World War I, "IQ" (intelligence quotient) tests proved to be a valuable tool in determining appropriate assignments for recruits. conclusively disproved traditional racial stereotypes. concluded (inaccurately) that most American soldiers were feeble-minded. were used to prove the inferiority of enemy soldiers. were administered only to officers. C Average p. 699 Analytical 1 Taxes during World War I were increased dramatically, primarily on the middle class. did not go up significantly. were increased primarily on the wealthy. actually went down. paid all of the cost of the war. C Average p. 701 Factual 1 When President Wilson arrived in Europe to attend the peace conference the European public was indifferent to him. he was met by massive protest movements led by those who feared U.S. power. he traveled secretly so that the European public was unaware of his arrival. the European public seemed to blame the U.S. for the carnage of the war. he was met by huge crowds who hailed him as a savior. E Least Difficult p. 704 Analytical 1 When the war broke out in Europe, the European powers were prepared for a lengthy battle. F Least Difficult p. 686 Factual 1 The U.S. position of neutrality resulted in increased trade with the Central Powers. F Average p. 688 Factual 1 Although primarily a passenger liner, the British ship Lusitania was transporting munitions from New York to Great Britain when the Germans sank it. T Average p. 689 Factual 1 Because of the military exercises practiced in the early part of the century, the U.S. military was well prepared to engage in the European conflict. F Average p. 692-693 Analytical 1 The Palmer raids confirmed the depth of the radical threat to American society. F Average p. 712 Analytical 1 Democratic enthusiasm unleashed by the Committee on Public Information triggered unrest among the home population. T Average p. 701-702 Analytical 1 The U.S. government effectively destroyed the International Workers of the World by raiding their offices and arresting their executive board because the group opposed the war. T Least Difficult p. 703 Factual 1 The Russian Revolution united leftists in the United States behind the American Socialist Party. F Most Difficult p. 710 Analytical 1 The peace treaty negotiated by the "Big Three" incorporated most of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. F Average p. 704-705 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson's unwillingness to compromise on the peace treaty is the chief reason it failed to pass in the Senate. T Average p. 708 Analytical 1 At the beginning of World War I, many Americans identified more closely with the Germans than with the English. F Average p. 688 Factual 1 Both the English and the Germans violated American neutral rights during World War I. T Average p. 688 Factual 1 "Doughboys" was a nickname for U.S. Army cooks during World War I. F Least Difficult p. 693 Factual 1 The "war guilt clause" of the Treaty of Versailles blamed Russia for starting World War I. F Average p. 705 Factual 1 Samuel Gompers's leadership of the American Federation of Labor was unchallenged during the immediate post-World War I period. F Average p. 710 Analytical 1 The United States mobilized for the First World War on a scale not seen since the Civil War. F Average p. 685 Analytical 1 Only France shared Woodrow Wilson's goal of a "peace without victory." F Average p. 685 Factual 1 Trench warfare was employed along both the western and eastern fronts during World War I. F Average p. 686 Factual 1 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge headed the "irreconcilables." F Average p. 708 Factual 1 The United States fought as an "Associated Power" in World War I. T Least Difficult p. 691 Factual 1 Germany was the only country that sought to gain territory as a result of the First World War. F Average p. 691 Analytical 1 The U.S. economy failed badly in producing sophisticated weapons and machines such as artillery, aircraft, and ships during the First World War. T Most Difficult p. 694 Factual 1 Union membership almost doubled between 1915 and 1920. T Average p. 696 Factual 1 Volunteers outnumbered conscripts during the First World War. F Most Difficult p. 698 Analytical 1 The Wilson administration had difficulty selling war bonds. F Least Difficult p. 701 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson vetoed the 1917 Immigration Restriction Act. T Average p. 704 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson followed precedent when he headed the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 himself. F Average p. 704 Factual 1 The worst antiblack violence after World War I occurred in Mississippi. F Average p. 712 Factual 1 Marcus Garvey called on blacks to forge a separate black nation for themselves. T Average p. 713 Factual 1 Marcus Garvey expressed support for the Ku Klux Klan. T Average p. 714 Factual 1 Significant numbers of Americans from a variety of constituencies opposed the First World War. T Least Difficult p. 689-691 Factual 1 Belgium was a member of the Triple Entente. F Least Difficult p. 686 Factual 1 The Triple Alliance was much stronger than the Triple Entente. F Average p. 686 Factual 1 The Lusitania ignored warnings that it was about to be torpedoed. F Least Difficult p. 689 Factual 1 The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was replaced by a Bolshevik government in March 1917. F Least Difficult p. 691 Factual 1 The overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II's regime in Russia fueled Woodrow Wilson's belief that the war was helping to make the world safe for democracy. T Average p. 691 Factual 1 Russia remained in the First World War until the 1918 armistice. F Least Difficult p. 692 Factual 1 The American Expeditionary Force arrived too late to prevent the surrender of Paris to the Germans. F Average p. 693 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson initially pursued a decentralized approach to mobilization. T Average p. 694 Factual 1 None of the centralized federal mobilization agencies in the First World War succeeded very well. F Average p. 694 Analytical 1 The international organization conceptualized by Woodrow Wilson as an organization that would pursue international peace and security was the ____________________. League of Nations Least Difficult p. 689 Factual 1 0 In 1927, black nationalist ____________________ was deported to Jamaica. Marcus Garvey Average p. 713 Factual 1 0 The organization given some authority to negotiate with the military and manufacturers regarding wartime production was the ____________________. War Industries Board Average p. 694 Factual 1 0 U.S. workers, likening their cause to the battle in Europe, called for ____________________ at home. industrial democracy Average p. 697 Factual 1 0 Woodrow Wilson articulated his principles for world peace and justice what is known as his ____________________. Fourteen Points Least Difficult p. 704-705 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Party gained control of the U.S. Senate in 1918. Republican Least Difficult p. 707 Factual 1 0 Socialist leader ____________________ was sentenced to ten years in prison for speaking in opposition to World War I. Eugene V Debs Average p. 703 Factual 1 0 Radical socialists who used violence and terror to promote revolution were called ____________________. anarchists Average p. 710 Factual 1 0 German submarine attacks strengthened the hand of former President ____________________ and others who believed that war with Germany was inevitable. Theodore Roosevelt Least Difficult p. 689 Factual 1 0 ____________________ headed the wartime Food Administration. Herbert Hoover Average p. 694 Factual 1 0 Tax revenues amounted to about ____________________ of the $33 billion cost of the First World War. one-third Average p. 701 Factual 1 0 Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ____________________ did everything possible to obstruct ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Henry Cabot Lodge Average p. 707 Factual 1 0 The 4 million workers who went on strike in 1919 constituted ____________________ of the nation's manufacturing workers. one-fifth Most Difficult p. 709 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was governor of Massachusetts during the Boston police strike of 1919. Calvin Coolidge Average p. 709 Factual 1 0 By ____________________, the American economy was by far the world's strongest. 1919 Average p. 714 Factual 1 0 The lull in submarine warfare that followed the sinking of the Lusitania ended with the torpedoing of the French passenger liner ____________________. Sussex Average p. 689 Factual 1 0 In 1918, Woodrow Wilson appointed ____________________ as one of the two cochairmen of the National War Labor Board. William Howard Taft Most Difficult p. 697 Factual 1 0 Prior to World War I Armenia, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Syria had all been part of the ____________________ Empire. Ottoman Average p. 687 Factual 1 0 Article ____________________ of the Covenant of the League of Nations empowered the League to take military action against aggressor nations. X Most Difficult p. 707 Factual 1 0 While on a speaking tour intended to gain public support for ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, President Wilson suffered a near-fatal stroke at ____________________. Pueblo, Colorado Most Difficult p. 708 Factual 1 0 The group of midwestern and western Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and hoped to preserve U.S. isolation from Europe were referred to as ____________________. irreconcilables Least Difficult p. 707 Factual 1 0 ____________________ and ____________________ were two Italian-born anarchists convicted of first degree murder and executed, although the evidence against them was weak and their trial tainted by prejudice because of their nationality and political beliefs. Sacco; Vanzetti Vanzetti; Sacco Least Difficult p. 712 Factual 1 0 After a black teenager was killed by whites for coming too close to a whites-only beach, deadly race riots broke out in the city of ____________________. Chicago Most Difficult p. 713 Factual 1 0 In 1919, over 300,000 ____________________ workers went out on strike demanding and eight-hour day and recognition of their union. Strikers were met by violence and intimidation from employers who succeeded in turning public opinion against them. steel Average p. 709 Factual 1 0 ____________________ were cash payments that the Allies demanded from Germany as compensation for World War I. reparations Average p. 705 Factual 1 0 The monarch of German overthrown after that country's defeat in World War I was ____________________. Kaiser Wilhelm II Average p. 705 Factual 1 0 The act passed by Congress to enforce prohibition was the ____________________ Act. Volstead Most Difficult p. 704 Factual 1 0 When World War I broke out the largest foreign-born population in the United States came from ____________________. Germany Most Difficult p. 702 Factual 1 0 The Committee on Public Information trained thousands of men to deliver speeches supporting the war effort across America. They were known as the ____________________ Men Four Minute Most Difficult p. 701 Factual 1 0 The leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia who took Russia out of the war was ____________________. Vladimir Lenin Average p. 692 Factual 1 0 The organization founded by Marcus Garvey that called for black nationalism was the "Universal ____________________." Negro Improvement Association Average p. 713 Factual 1 0 Four-minute men: a contingent of 75,000 men trained by the Committee on Public Information to deliver brief, but rousing, speeches to groups across the country--raising patriotism and support for the war effort. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Immigrant Restriction Act: 1917 law passed over Wilson's veto. Denied adult immigrants who failed reading tests entry into the United States; the law also banned immigrant workers from Asian countries. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Palmer raids: the name given to raids conducted at the direction of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer during the height of the postwar Red Scare. Government officials raided private homes and meeting places of suspected subversives; they sought, but did not find, substantial evidence of plots to lead a violent revolt. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Negro World: Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association's newspaper that promoted black separatism and self-sufficiency. In the 1910s and 1920s, its circulation grew to between 50,000 and 200,000. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Alvin C. York: the Tennessee sharpshooter who was the most-decorated soldier in the American Expeditionary Force. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Sacco and Vanzetti: in one of the most sensational trials of the 1920s, these Italian immigrant anarchists were tried, convicted, and executed for robbery and murder. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 George Creel: the advertising man who headed the Committee on Public Information during World War I. This committee encouraged support for the war by attacking German influences on U.S. society and culture. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 American Union Against Militarism: organized in April 1916. Linked prominent progressives and socialists and pressured the Wilson administration to continue pursuing a peaceful path toward the European war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 War Industries Board: federal agency established in 1917 to coordinate domestic manufacturing during the First World War. Floundered until March 1918, when Bernard Baruch became its chair. Baruch allowed industrialists to set their own prices and won antitrust exemptions for corporations that supported his requests. He was also more than willing to push corporations that resisted. War production increased dramatically during Baruch's term as chairman, although big corporations fared better than smaller firms. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Eugene Debs: American Socialist leader who was arrested and convicted for his opposition to World War I. Ran for President from his prison cell in 1920 and polled almost a million votes. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Describe how Woodrow Wilson's vision for a "new world order" differed in key ways from the foreign policies of his predecessors. Woodrow Wilson first articulated his vision of world politics in 1915 when he tried to negotiate peace with the European nations in conflict. Calling for "peace without victory," Wilson's vision expected all nations to acknowledge that peace was more desirable than war; diplomacy should be favored over aggression; and free trade, self-determination, and democracy should prevail for all nations. He expanded this vision in his Fourteen Points in 1918, which he unsuccessfully sought to incorporate into the Treaty of Versailles at the end of the war. Although Wilson's ideas garnered him worldwide respect, they were not accepted by everyone. In part, this was because they were a significant departure from the aggressive foreign policy pursued by his predecessors--especially Theodore Roosevelt--and continually promoted by many U.S. citizens like powerful Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Roosevelt based his foreign policies on the premise of Anglo-Saxon superiority. Rather than promote self-rule for all nations, he believed that some countries were naturally superior to others--and it was those "world powers" that should guide other nations. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Wilson's dream of constructing the League of Nations failed to materialize after the war because the U.S. Senate would not ratify the Versailles Treaty. Discuss the reasons the treaty could not pass the Senate. The Versailles treaty, which included the formation of the League of Nations, was not passed in the U.S. Senate after the war because of coordinated opposition of Senate Republicans and because of Wilson's stubborn refusal to compromise on the terms of the treaty. Republicans gained the Senate majority in 1918. Neither "irreconcilables," including both conservatives and Progressives, nor Republicans (led by Henry Cabot Lodge, a bitter enemy of Wilson) would pass the treaty unamended. The "irreconcilables" believed that the United States should maintain an isolationist stance, distancing itself from European politics. The Republicans preferred an approach that would enhance the position of the world powers, rather than merely to promote democracy for all. In the face of this strong opposition, Wilson campaigned tirelessly for the treaty's passage, but he would not consider any amendments to it. Thus, when the treaty came up for vote, unamended, it failed to pass. When it came to the floor amended by Lodge, Wilson instructed the Democrats to vote against it--not once, but twice. Loyal to their president, the Democrat senators did what he asked, and the treaty never passed the Senate--thus Wilson's dream of forming a League of Nations to oversee world democracy was never realized. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. Why was it significant? In 1920, two Italian-born anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were arrested and charged with robbery and murder. Although they claimed innocence and argued that they were being persecuted for their political beliefs, they were unable to persuade the judge and jury to acquit them. Their open espousal of anarchistic views in the courtroom probably contributed to their conviction, despite the weakness of the case against them, and they were sentenced to death. Numerous appeals and public outrage were ineffective and they eventually were executed. The Sacco and Vanzetti case demonstrates how potent the fear of radicalism was in U.S. postwar society. Sacco and Vanzetti's convictions and deaths suggest the degree to which justice would be sacrificed because of the prevailing fear that radicals posed a significant threat to the stability of American democracy. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the rise of black nationalism. What precipitated the rise of the movement? What were its goals? The black nationalist movement, led by Marcus Garvey, emerged in response to the continued racism that confronted African Americans in U.S. postwar society. Many of the hundreds of thousands of African Americans who migrated north to find work during the war were displaced by survivors of the war. Returning African-American soldiers, having risked their lives in the war for democracy, returned to a country plagued by violence, racism, and segregation. The tightened postwar economy, combined with urban overcrowding and continued racism, created an atmosphere filled with tension--ultimately resulting in violent, urban race riots during the summer of 1919. The extent of the hostility and violence convinced many African Americans that equality and integration were virtually impossible. Spurred on by Jamaican leader Marcus Garvey in the postwar years, millions of African Americans joined the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted black separatism and self-sufficiency, or black nationalism. The long-term goal of the movement was to create a black nation in Africa for all peoples of African descent. In the short term, Garvey promoted economic self-sufficiency and cultural independence to be achieved through the UNIA's support of economic development projects--ranging from stores and restaurants to the Black Star shipping line. Despite massive support for the movement, it did not last long. By 1927, Garvey had been deported to Jamaica, and the UNIA disintegrated. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 As the United States fought for democracy abroad, U.S. workers were advocating "industrial democracy" at home. What were their aims? How successful were they in achieving those aims? What impact did the war's end have on their efforts? During the war, an acute labor shortage (due to enlistment in the armed forces), combined with an increased demand for wartime production, enabled workers to conduct strikes successfully and thereby shorten their work weeks and days and raise their pay. Hence, union membership grew substantially. The National War Labor Board (NWLB), empowered by Wilson to arbitrate labor and capital disputes, also contributed to the increase in power that workers enjoyed. The ranks of workers swelled as African Americans, Mexicans, and women flocked to fill the labor shortage. Circumstances changed significantly after the war's end. Thousands of soldiers returned from war, eager to regain the jobs they had lost. At the same time, foreign demand shrank significantly, and the demand for agricultural and industrial goods shriveled up. As the economy threatened to turn downward, the relationship between labor and capital soured. Two postwar strikes (Boston policemen and Midwest steelworkers) ended in violence. Public opinion turned against militant workers whose methods and ideas seemed dangerously close to those promoted by "radicals." In the postwar climate, characterized by the "Red Scare," workers and their demands were anathema. The dismantling of the NWLB left them without a mediating body. In sum, the power of workers sank significantly after the war in comparison to the great strides they had achieved during the war. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the methods used by the Committee on Public Information to promote support for the U.S. war effort in World War I. What were the negative consequences of the CPI's superpatriotism? The Committee on Public Information (CPI), headed by George Creel, was one of the most active and productive World War I agencies. Creel and his propagandists bombarded the nation with pamphlets, handbills, posters, advertisements, and press releases. By emphasizing the Wilsonian ideals of freedom, justice, and democracy, the CPI awakened class and ethnic antagonisms and stimulated demands for fair treatment of oppressed and dispossessed Americans. Inspired by the CPI campaign, superpatriots attacked everything German in U.S. culture. German music, literature, food, and so forth were banned, and German-Americans were ostracized and physically assaulted. The passions ignited by anti-German literature led to repression of other ethnic immigrant groups, labor unions, and socialists. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1917 reduced the number of people admitted to the United States; the Eighteenth Amendment punished beer and wine drinking "foreigners" by prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages; and the Espionage, Sabotage and Sedition Acts restricted freedom of speech and assembly. Americans turned on each other in the name of national unity and indulged themselves in an orgy of repression. By idealizing unthinking patriotism, the CPI promoted intolerance and hatred. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Contrast the goals and provisions of the Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points were designed to fulfill the president's wartime promises to prevent war, make the world safe for democracy, and achieve a generous and fair peace. Wilson called for the lowering of trade barriers, respect for rights of neutral nations, public disclosure of treaty provisions, and arms reduction. Colonial claims and territorial agreements in Europe were to be settled by self-determination of the inhabitants of the area in dispute. Most importantly, Wilson advocated creating a League of Nations that would arbitrate between countries and maintain peace. The Treaty of Versailles embodied the goals of the other twenty-six nations at the peace conference rather than those of the Wilson administration. Self-interest, vengeance, and power politics worked against the ideals expressed in the Fourteen Points. The treaty did not include freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, and allied arms reduction. The German colonies were divided among the winners; portions of Germany were given to neighboring nations; Germany alone was disarmed, fined $33 billion, and forced to accept the blame for starting the war. The principle of self-determination was applied in the creation of six new nations and in the restoration of Poland and Belgium. Also Wilson was able to salvage the League of Nations, which he still hoped would serve as an agent of world peace and justice. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the factors that led to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 and the factors that eventually led to the U.S. entry in the war. Your answer should discuss both the ideologies and the events that led to the "Great War." In your opinion, was U.S. entry inevitable? Essay should address several key points: A. Outbreak of war in Europe--1914 1. Complicated system of European alliance a. Triple Entente b. Triple Alliance 2. Competition for world power among European nations a. Imperialism b. Military buildup c. Economic growth 3. Balkan conflict a. Nationalist uprisings b. Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand B. Initial U.S. neutrality 1. Maintaining economic and diplomatic ties with both sides 2. Popular support for neutrality a. Isolationism b. Divided loyalties among American ethnics 3. Peace without victory a. U.S. attempts to negotiate peace b. Promotion of new concept governing world order c. House-Grey Memorandum C. U.S. entry into World War I (1917) 1. Repeated U-boat/submarine warfare 2. Propaganda portraying German brutality 3. Russian Revolution a. Overthrow of Tsarist regime b. Provisional government 4. German overtures to Mexico a. Zimmermann telegram b. Public reaction 5. Wilson's quest to create a lasting peace a. Making the world safe for democracy b. Fourteen Points
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 U.S. entry into the "Great War" required massive organization on the home front. Discuss how this organization was accomplished in the following areas: military mobilization, business and industry for wartime production, funding of the war, and generating national support for U.S. involvement. Essay should address several key points: A. Military mobilization 1. Building and training the AEF 2. Registration and conscription B. National coordination of wartime production 1. Food Administration--Herbert Hoover 2. War Industries Board--Bernard Baruch 3. Organizing labor a. Labor shortage/new workers in workforce b. National War Labor Board--resolving labor disputes C. Funding the war 1. Increased taxes 2. Liberty bonds D. Generating national support 1. Committee on Public Information 2. Enforcing patriotism a. Anti-German sentiment at home b. Wartime repression in the United States
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Woodrow Wilson justified U.S. entry into World War I by claiming it was a fight to make the "world safe for democracy." Despite this lofty claim, many Americans--both during and after the war--were victims of repression perpetrated by both the government and private citizens. Describe instances of repression during and after the war and discuss the consequences of this intolerance. How do you explain the contradictions? Essay should address several key points: A. Wartime repression 1. Alien, Sedition, and Espionage Acts 2. Immigrant Restriction Acts 3. Personal attacks on private citizens 4. Purging German influences in the United States B. Postwar repression 1. Radicalism and the Red Scare a. Support for socialism, communism b. American Legion c. Palmer raids d. Sacco and Vanzetti 2. Labor militancy a. Steel b. Railroads c. Boston police strike d. Labor support of leftist movements C. African Americans l. Labor shortage 2. Race riots 3. Emergence of black nationalism
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 At the end of World War I, Woodrow Wilson promised that he would assure a just peace that would prevent future wars. Discuss the Fourteen Points, the Paris Peace Conference, and the Treaty of Versailles and account for the failure of Wilson's dream of world peace. Essay should address several key points: A. The Fourteen Points; ideals 1. Free trade, freedom of the seas 2. Open diplomacy, disarmament 3. Self-determination of colonial and territorial settlements 4. League of Nations B. The Peace Conference; motives 1. The U.S. delegation 2. The "big four" 3. Goals of Eastern Europeans, Jews, Africans, Asians C. Treaty of Versailles; realities 1. Elimination of first four points 2. Territorial settlements 3. Punishment of Germany; war-guilt clause D. Struggle for ratification 1. The "irreconcilables" 2. Conservative Republican opponents 3. Public support 4. Wilson's stroke/rejection of compromise 5. Evaluation of Treaty and League
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1