-176611 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp

Times 1 14 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 8 #000000 Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Which of the following does not help to explain the U.S. emergence from its relative isolation in the late 19^th Century? imperialism capitalism military maneuvers in Europe missionary activity navalism C Least Difficult p. 659-660 Analytical 1 William McKinley ordered the Maine into Havana's harbor in order to protect U.S. citizens in Cuba. threaten the Spanish. threaten the Cubans. start a war. bring refugees to the U.S. A Least Difficult p. 662 Analytical 1 Missionaries were committed to understanding different cultural and religious practices. incorporating native religious ideas into their own beliefs. converting nations to Christianity in order to "civilize" them. helping natives improve their economic situation. spreading capitalism. C Average p. 658 Analytical 1 American business owners and manufacturers focused on gaining access to Europe's natural resources. targeting the market of the wealthy on the European continent. lowering the tariff to decrease domestic consumption. restricting the supply of commodities in order to increase demand. aggressively expanding their markets to include Asia. E Most Difficult p. 658 Analytical 1 The Spanish-American War was a long, drawn-out war. required the United States to make concessions to the Spanish. required Cuba to negotiate with the Philippines. was short and successful for the United States. resulted in no U.S. battle casualties. D Least Difficult p. 663-667 Factual 1 Which of the following was not given as a justification for U.S. expansionism? There was a need for political and economic influence in Africa and Asia. There was a need to civilize other peoples. It was the nation's destiny. The Christian message must be spread. There was a power vacuum in Europe. E Average p. 658 Factual 1 Which of the following did not guide America's rise to power in the world? self-interest international events American idealism slow population growth expansion of U.S. investments. D Least Difficult p. 680 Analytical 1 Alfred Thayer Mahan advised William McKinley during the Spanish-American War. was an imperialist whose book showed how the United States could become a world power. wrote a treatise denouncing imperialism. was a missionary who spent years in China converting thousands to Christianity. was a businessman who opened trade with China and Japan. B Least Difficult p. 660 Factual 1 U.S. newspaper accounts of the Cuban-Spanish conflict had no impact on the general public. contributed to the antiwar movement. created a ground swell of support for Spain. triggered a war between the Cuban rebels and the United States. created a ground swell of support for Cuba. E Least Difficult p. 662 Factual 1 Regarding Cuba, William McKinley's intent was to back Cuba in a war with Spain. back Spain in a war with Cuba. encourage Spain to make concessions to the Cuban rebels. encourage Cubans in their efforts to overthrow the rebel government. annex Cuba. C Average p. 662 Factual 1 In the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the United States recognized Spanish ownership of Wake Island. paid $20 million for the Philippines. promised Spain equal trading rights in Cuba. agreed to grant Puerto Rico its independence. annexed Cuba. B Average p. 667 Factual 1 William McKinley's treatment of the Philippines was broadly supported by both imperialists and anti-imperialists. showed his willingness to grant U.S. citizenship to Filipinos. reflected his fear that, without a strong U.S. presence, another power would invade. was similar to the U.S. treatment of Hawaii. indicated that he wanted statehood for the Philippines. C Average p. 668 Analytical 1 All of the following were an anti-imperialist concern regarding the Philippines except the fear that mingling with other races would contaminate the United States competition would come from Filipino sugar growers subjugation of the Filipinos violated American ideals of freedom and self-government other powers might retaliate and target the United States. the military establishment needed to administer the colony would threaten political liberties at home. D Average p. 668 Factual 1 The U.S. treatment of the Philippines after 1898 can be described as similar to the U.S. treatment of Cuba. Japan's relationship with Russia. Spain's relationship with Cuba. the U.S. treatment of Mexico. U.S. treatment of European nations. C Most Difficult p. 669 Analytical 1 All of the following were conditions of the Platt Amendment except that Cuba could not make treaties with foreign powers. could not impose tariffs on U.S. imports. had to sell or lease land to the U.S. military. had to permit the United States to oversee Cuban political affairs. none of the above B Average p. 669 Factual 1 When the United States annexed Puerto Rico, the intent was to allow Puerto Ricans to govern themselves. to encourage Puerto Rico to seek statehood. to rule the island and its inhabitants. to establish cooperative governance between the United States and Puerto Rico. to pave the way for returning the island to Spanish rule. C Average p. 670 Factual 1 U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere after 1900 was defensive--geared toward limiting European influence. isolationist. cooperative--geared toward building strong relationships with other nations. never criticized by U.S. citizens. aggressive--geared toward expanding American influence E Least Difficult p. 670 Analytical 1 In 1900, the "Boxer Rebellion" in China was a nationalist uprising. demonstrated Chinese support for the open-door notes. was a Japanese-led overthrow of the Chinese government. was proof that the Chinese wanted to establish diplomatic ties with Europe. was the beginning of the Communist revolution. A Least Difficult p. 671 Factual 1 The "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine signified a dramatic change in foreign policy under Teddy Roosevelt. formalized behavior that the United States was already practicing. was geared to mollify the anti-imperialists. was intended to prove that the U.S. was a "good neighbor" to Latin American nations. had no real significance. B Least Difficult p. 674 Analytical 1 In his negotiations with Japan following the Russo-Japanese War, Theodore Roosevelt tried to convince Japan to grant sovereignty to eastern nations. believed that Russia was a weaker nation. believed that Japan was entitled to pursue imperialism in the East. attempted to form an alliance with Japan. intended to annex Japan. C Average p. 676 Analytical 1 Policies pursued by William Howard Taft's administration in Asia were consistent with Roosevelt's own efforts to promote an open-door policy. resulted in increased hostilities between Japan and the United States. demonstrated his superior understanding of Japanese politics. were better for U.S. trade than Roosevelt's efforts had been. started a war between Japan and Russia. B Average p. 678 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson's policies in Mexico reflected his fear of Mexican self-rule and democracy. were initiated by a desire to protect American investments there. resulted in a fruitful diplomatic relationship with Mexico. reflected his desire to make Mexico an American protectorate. had no impact on Mexican politics. B Average p. 679-680 Analytical 1 All of the following motivated U.S. foreign policy from 1898 to 1917 except a desire to promote goodwill and friendship with other nations. belief in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race and its responsibility for uplifting inferior races. need for new markets for American goods. belief that the United States could and should become a world power. desire to strengthen the navy. A Most Difficult p. 658-682 Analytical 1 Alfred Thayer Mahan called for the United States to do all of the following except modernize and enlarge its navy. build a canal through Central America. acquire overseas bases and colonies. challenge Britain to a naval showdown. acquire Hawaii. D Least Difficult p. 660 Factual 1 "Yellow journalism" or the "yellow press" featured shocking and sensational stories designed to appeal to a mass audience. was rejected by leading newspapermen such as Joseph Pulitzer. focused American attention away from the Cuban rebellion at the end of the nineteenth century. disappeared after 1900 because of the increased intelligence and sophistication of the reading public. refers to the use of comic strips. A Average p. 662 Analytical 1 During the Spanish-American War, American racial prejudice caused American leaders to minimize the contributions of black soldiers. cooperate effectively with the light-skinned Cuban rebels. overestimate the capabilities of the Spanish troops. allow unnecessarily harsh punishment of Spanish prisoners. execute only black prisoners of war. A Most Difficult p. 663-665 Analytical 1 Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note of 1900 called for elimination of U.S. restrictions on Chinese and Japanese immigration. European recognition of the supremacy of the United States in the Pacific and Asia. respect for the government and territory of China. a full-scale invasion and partition of China by the major powers. peace between China and Japan. C Average p. 671-672 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy included protection of the rights of nonwhite, nonindustrial nations. respect for the sovereignty of Latin American nations. noninterference in the affairs of Western Hemispheric nations. recognition of claims to Russian and Japanese territory. U.S. military action to maintain order and control, often at the expense of social justice. E Most Difficult p. 673-674 Analytical 1 Theodore Roosevelt's favorite foreign policy slogan was "Look before you leap." "Speak softly and carry a big stick." "Death before dishonor." "War is the last resort." "Win at all cost." B Average p. 677 Factual 1 William Howard Taft's foreign policy favored aggressive military intervention in Asia and Europe. withdrawal of the United States from international affairs. assertion of commercial and economic influence in other countries. submission of all disputes to arbitration. opposition to all uses of force. C Most Difficult p. 678 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere was significantly different from that of previous twentieth-century presidents. established the principle of friendly cooperation between nations. added the Virgin Islands to U.S. colonial holdings. was consistent in supporting revolution in Mexico. called for withdrawal of U.S. investments in Latin America. C Most Difficult p. 679-680 Factual 1 All of the following were presidents of Mexico except Francisco ("Pancho") Villa. Venustiano Carranza. Victoriano Huerta. Francisco Madero. Porfirio Diaz. A Least Difficult p. 680 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson responded to Pancho Villa's attacks on U.S. citizens by offering a ten thousand dollar reward for Villa, "dead or alive." seizing Villa's financial holdings in the United States. promising to support Villa in his bid for political power in Mexico. sending U.S. troops into Mexico to arrest Villa. bringing him to trial. D Most Difficult p. 681 Factual 1 As an imperial power, the United States successfully created the largest, most modern navy in the world. expanded its military and economic influence in Asia and the Western Hemisphere. supported self-government and civil rights in its colonies. acquired an empire that ruled over one-fourth of the world's population. expanded its control to Africa. B Most Difficult p. 681 Factual 1 Alfred Thayer Mahan called for the construction of a large navy. conscription to create a large army. expanded exports for U.S. businesses. missionary activity in other countries. isolation and world peace. A Least Difficult p. 660 Factual 1 Spain agreed to all of the following demands in the spring of 1898 except payment of an indemnity for the Maine. abandoning its concentration camps in Cuba. ending the fighting with the Cuban rebels. committing itself to Cuban independence. relieving "Butcher" Weyler of his command. D Average p. 663 Factual 1 The chief threat to U.S. "Open Door" policy and maintaining the balance of power in Asia came from Britain and France. Germany. Japan and Russia. Russia and Britain. Italy. C Average p. 676 Factual 1 According to the armistice that ended hostilities in Cuba, Spain relinquished its claims to all of the following except Cuba. the Philippines. Puerto Rico. Guam. none of the above. B Most Difficult p. 666 Analytical 1 In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the mechanism used to control Hawaii. the Philippines. Cuba. Guam Puerto Rico. E Average p. 670 Factual 1 The principles embodied in the Roosevelt corollary were applied to all of the following except Hawaii Cuba. Venezuela. the Dominican Republic. none of the above A Average p. 674 Analytical 1 Spanish minister to Washington, Depuy de Lome outraged U.S. public opinion when he ordered the execution of Cuban rebels. ordered the attack on the U.S. battleship Maine. supported terrorist attacks on the United States. raped an American woman. insulted President McKinley. E Average p. 663 Analytical 1 The Teller Amendment declared war on Spain. that the United States would not use war to acquire Cuban territory. that Cuba could not make treaties with foreign powers. the U.S. support for Japan in the war against Russia. the independence of the Philippines. B Average p. 663 Factual 1 Following the Spanish American War Cuba became economically dependent on the United States. enjoyed full political independence. was annexed to the United States. decided through democratic procedures to accept its position as a U.S. protectorate. became economically dependent on Spain. A Average p. 669 Analytical 1 As a possession of the United States, Puerto Ricans enjoy no rights as U.S. citizens. do not have the right to elect their own governor. have a poverty rate far greater than that of the mainland. immediately launched a bloody war for their independence. insisted on re-establishing their relationship with Spain. C Least Difficult p. 670 Analytical 1 When the Colombian legislature rejected as insufficient President Roosevelt's offer for the canal zone, Roosevelt doubled his offer. encouraged Panamanians to revolt against Colombia. asked Congress to declare war on Colombia. sought French help in negotiating with Colombia. gave up the idea of building a canal. B Least Difficult p. 675 Factual 1 The United States secured the right to build the Panama Canal by dealing with the director of the French company from which it bought rights to the canal. newly elected government of Panama. government of Colombia. French government. United Nations. A Average p. 675 Factual 1 Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Price for his role in building the Panama Canal. his support for the sovereignty of Cuba. his negotiation of the conflict between Russia and Japan. his support for the sovereignty of Korea. his opposition to all war. C Average p. 676 Factual 1 The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 accepted Japanese domination of Korea. ended Japanese occupation of Manchuria. accepted Japanese expansion into Manchuria. ended the conflict between Russia and Japan. recognized the independence of China. C Most Difficult p. 677 Factual 1 In his "gentleman's agreement" with the Japanese, President Roosevelt agreed to end anti-Japanese discrimination. accept increased numbers of Japanese workers' entrance into the U.S. lift his opposition to Japanese expansion in East Asia. withdraw U.S. troops from Tokyo Bay. recognize the rebel government in Japan. A Most Difficult p. 677 Factual 1 When the dictator of Nicaragua began negotiating with Europe to build a second canal the United States paid that country $20 million dollars to cease negotiations. assassinated him. encouraged the negotiations, knowing that competition would lead to better service. paid the European country to withdraw its offer. sent the Marines to overthrow his regime E Most Difficult p. 679 Factual 1 The explosion of the battleship Maine resulted in the U.S. declaration of war on Spain. T Average p. 663 Factual 1 U.S. soldiers in the Spanish-American War were surprised to find that their Cuban allies were primarily dark-skinned and poorly outfitted. T Average p. 664 Analytical 1 Multinational corporations were fixtures in the U.S. economy by 1915. T Least Difficult p. 658 Factual 1 Mexican president Venustiano Carranza welcomed U.S. guidance in shaping his government. F Average p. 680 Analytical 1 By the end of the Spanish-American War, U.S. troops had invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. T Average p. 665-667 Factual 1 The United States entered the Philippines in order to promote the Filipino desire for independence and self-rule. F Least Difficult p. 669 Factual 1 The United States made no pretense of allowing Puerto Rican self-rule at the time of the island's annexation. T Average p. 670 Factual 1 After 1900, U.S. actions in the Western Hemisphere were defensive--they were meant to curtail the influence of European powers. F Most Difficult p. 670 Analytical 1 By 1900, the United States had acquired as many new territories as had European imperialist countries. F Average p. 681 Factual 1 Some of Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy initiatives were founded on the claim of Anglo-Saxon superiority. T Average p. 673 Analytical 1 The Negro cavalries in the Spanish-American War were known as "the Rough Riders." F Average p. 664 Factual 1 Most of the U.S. casualties in the Spanish-American War were the result of battlefield wounds. F Average p. 663 | p. 666 Factual 1 The Monroe Doctrine established the principle that the Western Hemisphere is a U.S. sphere of influence. T Average p. 670 Analytical 1 Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy promoted the establishment of democratic governments throughout the Western Hemisphere. F Average p. 673 Analytical 1 The United States gave up ownership and control of the Panama Canal in the year 2000. T Least Difficult p. 676 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the government of the "butcher" Victoriano Huerta. T Average p. 680 Factual 1 Dollar diplomacy was more successful in the Caribbean than in East Asia. T Average p. 678-679 Analytical 1 Frederick Jackson Turner's "frontier thesis" has stood the test of time. F Average p. 659 Analytical 1 Frederick Jackson Turner published his "frontier thesis" at a time of national prosperity. F Average p. 659-660 Analytical 1 Few American men volunteered for war with Spain. F Least Difficult p. 663 Factual 1 American soldiers held racist attitudes toward the Cuban guerrillas. T Least Difficult p. 664 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt unfairly minimized the role of African-American troops during the Spanish-American War. T Average p. 665 Factual 1 The United States annexed Hawaii shortly before the war with Spain began. F Average p. 667 Factual 1 William Howard Taft's secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, had extensive diplomatic expertise. F Average p. 678 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt believed that all nations had the right to sovereignty and self-rule. F Average p. 673 Factual 1 Neither Theodore Roosevelt nor Woodrow Wilson was bothered by the exercise of imperial power. F Average p. 657 Factual 1 Export trade with East Asia exceeded expectations between 1880 and 1914. F Average p. 658 Factual 1 Every presidential administration from the 1880s on committed itself to a "big navy" policy. T Least Difficult p. 660 Factual 1 U.S. officials planned from the beginning to transform the Philippines into another state, rather than prepare them for independence. F Least Difficult p. 669 Factual 1 William Howard Taft had no foreign policy experience when he became president. F Least Difficult p. 678 Factual 1 The Treaty of Paris barely won Senate ratification in 1899. T Least Difficult p. 668 Factual 1 The anti-imperialists were motivated purely by altruism. F Least Difficult p. 668 Factual 1 The 1900 Foraker Act made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens. F Least Difficult p. 670 Factual 1 Panama's 1903 revolution against Colombia was a spontaneous event in which the United States played absolutely no role. F Least Difficult p. 675 Analytical 1 When political turmoil threatened the interests of companies such as the United Fruit Company of Boston in Central America, the United States sent troops to protect them. T Average p. 678-679 Factual 1 President Wilson withdrew his support of the Carranza government in Mexico when he announced a land reform program to distribute agricultural land to peasants. T Most Difficult p. 680 Analytical 1 President Wilson's actions in Mexico won him widespread praise and support in that country and significantly improved U.S.-Mexico relations. F Least Difficult p. 681 Analytical 1 Statehood for Hawaii was opposed by American sugar plantation owners. F Average p. 667-668 Factual 1 Mark Twain was an anti-imperialist. T Average p. 668 Factual 1 The war to subdue the Filipino rebels cost less than the Spanish American War. F Average p. 669 Factual 1 In authorizing a war with Spain, the U.S. Congress also declared, in the ____________________, that the United States could not use the war to expand its territory in Cuba. Teller Amendment Average p. 663 Factual 1 0 Although a committed anti-imperialist, ____________________ eventually supported the Treaty of Paris, which annexed the Philippines. William Jennings Bryan Least Difficult p. 669 Factual 1 0 The United States gained the upper hand in the Philippines in part because of the strategies of General ____________________. Arthur MacArthur Average p. 669 Factual 1 0 The United States annexed the island of Puerto Rico with the ____________________ in 1900. Foraker Act Average p. 670 Factual 1 0 The foreign policy pursued by Secretary of State Knox under William Howard Taft was known as ____________________. dollar diplomacy Average p. 678 Factual 1 0 The publication of a letter written by Spanish diplomat ____________________ helped cause the Spanish-American War. Depuy de Lome Average p. 662-663 Factual 1 0 The commander of the U.S. fleet that defeated the Spanish navy in Manila Harbor in 1898 was ____________________. George Dewey Least Difficult p. 663 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the Filipino leader who fought both the Spanish and the United States for Philippine independence. Emilio Aguinaldo Least Difficult p. 668-669 Factual 1 0 Most of American missionary activity between 1870 and 1900 was directed toward ____________________. China Least Difficult p. 658 Factual 1 0 "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" was written by ____________________. Frederick Jackson Turner Least Difficult p. 658 Factual 1 0 The most influential American imperialist was ____________________. Alfred Thayer Mahan Average p. 660 Factual 1 0 The Spanish military leader in Cuba was General ____________________. Valeriano Weyler Average p. 662 Factual 1 0 Commodore ____________________ destroyed an entire Spanish fleet in the Philippines. George Dewey Least Difficult p. 663 Factual 1 0 Secretary of State ____________________ called the fight with Spain "a splendid little war." John Hay Average p. 663 Factual 1 0 In 1901, ____________________ became the first governor-general of the Philippines. William Howard Taft Average p. 669 Factual 1 0 The dependence of Cuba's ____________________ industry on the U.S. market helped win acceptance of the Platt Amendment sugar Average p. 669 Analytical 1 0 At a conference held in ____________________, Theodore Roosevelt helped to negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. Portsmouth, New Hampshire Average p. 676 Factual 1 0 Except for a brief period in 1925, U.S. troops remained in ____________________ continuously from 1912 until 1933. Nicaragua Average p. 679 Factual 1 0 Hawaii became a U.S. protectorate during the presidency of ____________________. Grover Cleveland Most Difficult p. 661 Factual 1 0 Hawaii was annexed by the United States during the presidency of ____________________. William McKinley Average p. 667 Factual 1 0 In the ____________________, the United States agreed that Japan could dominate Korea in return for a Japanese promise not to attack the Philippines. Taft-Katsura Agreement Most Difficult p. 677 Factual 1 0 The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 when ____________________ was overthrown by democratic forces. Porfirio Diaz Average p. 680 Factual 1 0 U.S. control of the city of ____________________ helped to weaken the Mexican government of Victoriano Huerta Veracruz Average p. 680 Analytical 1 0 President Wilson dispatched troops to Mexico to punish ____________________ after his attacks on U.S. citizens and on New Mexico. Pancho Villa Least Difficult p. 681 Factual 1 0 By 1900 the ____________________ had acquired the most extensive colonial empire in the world. British Average p. 681 Factual 1 0 During the Mexican Revolution, President Wilson refused to recognize the "government of butchers" under ____________________, even though he had promised to protect American investment. Victoiano Huerta Average p. 680 Factual 1 0 In 1915, President Wilson dispatched troops to ____________________ to put down a revolution and the U.S. army continued to occupy the country for 21 years. Haiti Most Difficult p. 679 Factual 1 0 In 1906, the ____________________ school board ordered the segregation of Asian schoolchildren, touching off an international crisis with Japan. San Francisco Average p. 677 Factual 1 0 The nation that began building the Panama Canal was ____________________. France Least Difficult p. 674-675 Factual 1 0 Theodore Roosevelt became President when President ____________________ was assassinated. William McKinley Least Difficult p. 673 Factual 1 0 jingoism: British term, adopted by Americans. Referred to those who thought that a swaggering foreign policy and a willingness to go to war would enhance their nation's glory. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 yellow journalism: the practice, common among newspapers at the turn of the century, of exaggerating and sensationalizing news stories in order to generate more attention. Employed by the New York Journal and the New York World in the lead up to the Spanish-American War. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Teller Amendment: part of the 1898 war resolution when the United States declared war on Spain. Stated that the United States would not seek to acquire territory in Cuba as a result of the war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Platt Amendment: outlined conditions for Cuban independence. Prohibited Cuba from making its own treaties; allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban politics and economy; required Cuba to lease or sell land to the United States for use as a navy base. Accepted by Cuba in 1901 largely due to the desire for special protections for Cuban sugar within the U.S. market. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Open Door notes: sent by Secretary of State Hay to major world powers in 1899 and 1900. Requested that they make international trade more feasible by establishing reasonable harbor and railroad fees. Also requested respect for China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Queen Liliuokalani: Hawaiian monarch. Installed in 1891 by U.S. interests (most especially U.S. sugar planters) who thought she would be sympathetic to their efforts to unite with the United States. Overthrown two years later when she resisted those efforts. Her overthrow led to the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer: newspaper publishers whose sensational stories encouraged U.S. involvement in Cuba in 1898. Controlled the New York Journal and the New York World, respectively, and competed for readers by practicing yellow journalism. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Boxer Rebellion: began in China in May 1904. Led by nationalists who wanted to rid China of all "foreign devils" and foreign influences. Resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Europeans and of many Chinese who had converted to Christianity. Crushed in August by a multinational force raised by the imperial powers. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Great White Fleet: main portion of the U.S. naval fleet sent by Theodore Roosevelt on a 45,000-mile world tour in 1907. The cornerstone of the tour was a stop in Tokyo Bay to demonstrate American naval strength to the Japanese. Deplored by critics as a waste of money and a potential provocation to Japan. Ended up being a stunning success and confirmed Roosevelt's practice of "speaking softly and carrying a big stick." TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 The Maine: U.S. battleship sent to Cuba that exploded in Havana, Cuba. Though the explosion was probably caused by a faulty boiler, Americans blamed the Spanish and demanded war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Explain the "frontier thesis." How was it significant? The "frontier thesis," as it came to be called, was articulated by Frederick Jackson Turner in his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." It was published in 1893, three years after the 1890 census declared the frontier to be closed. Turner argued that it was the frontier that had made Americans into Americans-forcing them to cultivate through necessity individualism, egalitarianism, and the love for democracy. Without the frontier, he argued, the nation would need other outlets for its poor, dispossessed, and dissatisfied citizens. Despite recent criticism regarding Turner's claims, his essay nevertheless had a powerful impact on Americans. The growth of big cities and industrialism, the declaration of the close of the frontier, and the publication of the essay all contributed to the impulse to seek other areas to conquer. This encouraged Americans to look abroad and to seek to expand through trade, missionary activities, and colonization. Thus, many were susceptible to the message and eager to seek other outlets. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explain the factors that led to the U.S. involvement in Cuba and the decision to declare war on Spain. In the 1890s, Cuba was still under Spanish rule despite attempts by Cuban rebels to stage several revolts. A first effort, in 1868, had taken the Spanish ten years to control; a second revolt in 1895 triggered harsh reprisals from Spain. In response to the rebellion, Spain instituted repressive tactics, forcing thousands of Cubans into concentration camps, which resulted in an estimated 200,000 deaths. The Spanish tactics were highly publicized in the U.S. press. The New York World and the New York Journal published sensational accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, arousing massive U.S. sympathy for the Cuban cause. For many Americans, the Cuban fight for freedom and self-rule was reminiscent of the American fight for independence. When McKinley came to office, his aim was to force Spain to make concessions in order to end the conflict in Cuba--but the Spanish refused. In early 1889, the World published the de Lome letter, stolen from the Spanish minister in Washington, in which McKinley was described in unflattering terms, and the Spanish were revealed to be unwilling to compromise with Cuba. Less than a week later, the battleship Maine exploded, killing 250 U.S. soldiers. This, too, was sensationalized and created further outrage among Americans. Although the explosion was likely an accident, U.S. citizens remained furious; when Spain's apology fell short, McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What arguments did anti-imperialists offer in opposition to U.S. involvement in the Philippines? What distinguished anti-imperialists from one another? Anti-imperialists, both Republicans and Democrats (including former President Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, and William Jennings Bryan), were opposed to U.S. interference in the Philippines. They were opposed to the proposal, included in the Treaty of Paris, that the United States colonize the Philippines. Their reasons for this opposition differed. Some believed that the proposed U.S. rule was in direct violation of basic, overarching American principles of democracy and self-rule. They also distrusted the large militia that would be necessary for the pursuit of any imperialist policy. This wing of anti-imperialists feared that American political liberties eventually might be jeopardized by U.S. imperialism. Other anti-imperialists were less concerned with human rights and exhibited more self-interest. They feared that U.S. trade would decrease and the economy would suffer from a flooded labor market and the ensuing shrinking wages. Finally, some anti-imperialists objected to American involvement in the Philippines for racist reasons. They believed that any racial intermingling would result in the "contamination" of U.S. blood with "inferior Asian blood"--and they preferred not to take that risk. These differences ultimately weakened the movement, and the Treaty of Paris, annexing the Philippines, barely passed the U.S. Senate in 1899. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was the "Boxer Rebellion"? What caused it? What impact did it have on American foreign policy? In 1900, a Chinese nationalist organization, known as "the Boxers," staged an uprising, the purpose of which was to rid China of foreign peoples and influences. This uprising was triggered in part by U.S. attempts to open the Chinese market for U.S. trade, spearheaded by Secretary of State John Hay. Hay sent "Open Door notes" to the major world powers, asking them to ease world trade, and, in so doing, to recognize China's sovereignty and allow China to impose tariffs. The rebellion, which resulted in the deaths of both Europeans and Chinese Christian converts, was squelched quickly by the world powers. Hay used the Boxer Rebellion to further pressure Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Germany by issuing a second round of open-door notes--again urging the countries to make trade with China possible. The latter three countries agreed rapidly; Russia and Japan agreed to accept cash rather than land as payment for the losses they suffered during the rebellion. Thus, Hay achieved his goal while still retaining Chinese sovereignty. He appeared to be the protector of China from imperialist powers, but he also protected world trade. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. What was its purpose? What impact did it have on U.S. foreign policy? The United States reserved the right to prevent European powers from interfering in its hemisphere through the Monroe Doctrine. When Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency, he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that asserted that the United States could intervene in the affairs of nations in its hemisphere in order to forestall potential European intervention. This legitimized U.S. interference in such countries as Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, both of which were under dictatorship and both of which had defaulted on loans from European bankers. Rather than wait until military action against the nations was initiated, Roosevelt used his corollary to force Europeans to retreat. In the case of the Dominican Republic, once the dictator fell, Roosevelt assumed responsibility for making sure that the country repaid its loans to Europe. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine legitimized U.S. intervention in countries within its hemisphere. One of the best examples of U.S. intervention was Roosevelt's proposal for, and implementation of, the construction of the Panama Canal. Roosevelt's interference in Columbian affairs (Panama was part of Columbia until a U.S.-supported revolt in 1902) revealed the extent of Roosevelt's corollary. But this did not diverge from policies already in practice. U.S. policy toward both Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1901 and 1902 already demonstrated that the United States would intervene in the disputes of other countries. Nonetheless, this corollary enabled the United States to justify its continued and sustained interest in the politics and economy of the many countries in its hemisphere. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the acquisition of the Philippines and the American-Filipino War that established U.S. control there. The United States officially bought the Philippines from Spain for $20 million in the Peace of Paris of 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American War. President William McKinley wanted the entire four-hundred-island archipelago in order to prevent other colonial powers from threatening U.S. interests in the Pacific. Despite the initially pro-American stance of Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, racially prejudiced Americans rejected the idea of establishing an independent Philippines. Aguinaldo ignited a brutal four-year jungle war, which cost the United States over $160 million and the lives of 4,200 American soldiers. During the war, the United States used concentration camps and mass executions to subdue the rebels. The number of Filipino deaths is estimated at between 50,000 to 200,000. Eventually General Arthur MacArthur combined military and diplomatic strategies to end the revolt and to establish a colonial government. The United States promised to educate and prepare the Filipino people for independence, a promise that was fulfilled in 1946 when the Philippines became a sovereign nation. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe U.S.-Mexican relations and explain the conflicting motives behind U.S. policy during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson believed that U.S. foreign policy could help establish democratic governments and also protect American property and investments in other countries. Despite the heavy involvement of American investors and officials in the coup that brought Victoriano Huerta to power in Mexico in 1913, Wilson cut off ties with the Huerta government and played a confusing game of first extending and then withdrawing support for the contesting Mexican "democratic" leaders Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa. Wilson's invasion of Vera Cruz in 1915 removed Huerta and brought Carranza to power; next Wilson briefly supported and then abandoned the rebel leader Pancho Villa. Villa's retaliatory attacks on U.S. citizens in Mexico and on Columbus, New Mexico led to another American invasion of Mexico in 1916. General John J. Pershing's expeditionary force spent a year unsuccessfully pursuing Villa. American troops were recalled shortly before the United States entered World War I. Wilson's meddling in Mexican affairs intensified anti-U.S. sentiment south of the Rio Grande and undermined the democratic ideals the president was trying to promote. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. What were their guiding principles? How were they realized? Essay should address several key points: A. Theodore Roosevelt: Social Darwinist 1. Monroe Doctrine Corollary a. Caribbean actions b. Consequences 2. Panama Canal 3. Focus on increasing navy 4. Asia a. Manchuria b. Diplomacy with Japan c. Great White Fleet B. William Howard Taft: Dollar diplomacy 1. Asia a. Reversals in foreign relations b. Consequences 2. Caribbean a. Nicaragua b. Maintaining order while increasing trade C. Woodrow Wilson: Democratic principles 1. Sustained Caribbean intervention 2. Conflict with Mexico TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Until the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had been minimally involved in foreign affairs. Toward the end of the century, this previously isolationist practice gave way to more sustained military action around the world. What factors contributed to the end of American isolationism? In your opinion, which is the most important? Essay should address several key points: A. Desire to seek new frontiers 1. 1890 census 2. Frontier thesis 3. Missionary activity B. Corporate growth--need for new markets 1. Tobacco 2. Wheat 3. Worldwide trade C. Growth of imperialism--Arthur Thayer Mahan 1. Social Darwinism 2. Monroe Doctrine Corollary 3. United States as a world power a. Panama Canal b. Navy TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the negotiations that led to the construction of the canal across Central America. What factors determined where it would be located? What means did Roosevelt use to acquire land? Discuss the negotiations and events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal. What impact did it have on American foreign policy? Essay should address several key points: A. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1902 B. Where to build the canal 1. Nicaragua 2. Completing the canal across Panama, begun by the French C. Acquiring the rights in Panama 1. Hay-Herran Treaty 2. Colombian objections to U.S. acquisition 3. Panamanian revolt against Colombia a. U.S. Military and diplomatic support of Panama b. Philippe Bunau-Varilla c. Hay-Bunau-Varilla D. Construction of the Panama Canal and its impact after completion 1. Building the canal 2. Completion in 1914 3. Shortened trip from California to New York 4. Enhanced U.S. strategic abilities and power TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 The Spanish-American War made the United States an imperial power. Discuss the causes, military aspects, and results of the war. Essay should address several key points: A. Causes of the war 1. Cuban revolution 2. Influence of yellow journalists 3. Publication of Deputy de Lôme's letter 4. Explosion of U.S.S. Maine 5. Declaration of war and Teller Amendment B. The "splendid little war" 1. Naval victory at Manila 2. Land war in Cuba a. U.S. Army, outfitting and supplies b. Cuban rebels c. Spanish troops d. The Rough Riders' Negro cavalries 3. Surrender of Spanish army C. Results of war 1. Peace of Paris of 1898 a. Independence for Cuba b. Acquisition of Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines 2. Anti-imperialist sentiment TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1