-176610 CHAPTER 21—PROGRESSIVISM Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Muckraking was a term coined by Jane Addams that referred to the kinds of jobs immigrants were forced to take. a banking scandal precipitated by J. P Morgan. the term describing writers who sold sensational fiction stories to the media to generate public outrage. an insulting term used to describe politicians. a term coined by Theodore Roosevelt. E Least Difficult p. 626 Factual 1 "Realism," characterized by skepticism and detachment, evolved from working-class writers' and artists' depictions of their lives through fiction. emphasized the virtue of the formal, constitutional theory of democratic processes. evolved from writers' attempts to portray American life as it " truly was." emulated a similar movement in Europe. described Americans' attitude toward politics. C Most Difficult p. 627 Analytical 1 Settlement houses were boarding houses in which middle-class women lived together before marriage. were government-sponsored homes for the poor. provided a myriad of social services to neighborhood dwellers. served primarily as social clubs. were built by politicians to gain the votes of immigrants. C Least Difficult p. 628 Factual 1 The first American settlement house was founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889, in Chicago. Toynbee Hall. founded by prominent Chicago businessman Charles Hull. founded by muckraker Ida Tarbell. founded in Washington, D.C., by the federal government. A Least Difficult p. 628 Factual 1 Middle-class female reformers like Florence Kelley and Jane Addams promoted a feminist agenda. tended to be married and have families. were cultural conservatives concerned about female sexuality and alcohol consumption. were sympathetic to the role alcohol played in different ethnic traditions. championed sexual freedom. C Average p. 630 Analytical 1 Socialism never developed support in the United States. was a European movement that had no relevance to American society and politics. had a substantial and significant impact on Progressivism. attracted only college-educated intellectuals. was eliminated in America before the turn of the century. C Average p. 632 Analytical 1 Which of the following statements is true? All socialists were Progressives. All Progressives were socialists. All socialists promoted the idea of a revolution. There were no socialists in America. No socialist was ever elected president during the Progressive era. E Most Difficult p. 632-633 Analytical 1 Municipal political reform such as the city commission plan in Galveston was inspired by civic-minded businessmen who wanted government to be modeled after the private sector. insignificant compared to national political reform. the main purpose of "machine" politics. an eastern movement. inspired by European immigrants. A Average p. 634 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not a political reform designed to weaken the power of party bosses in national politics? the introduction of the direct primary the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, granting female suffrage the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, mandating the direct election of senators the introduction of the initiative and the referendum the recall. B Average p. 635 Analytical 1 As a result of election-law reform in the late 19th and early 20th century, blacks in the South were largely disenfranchised. Asian immigrants were granted voting rights when they became citizens. all citizens over the age of 18 were granted voting rights. it became possible to register and vote on the same day. more immigrants became involved in politics. A Average p. 636 Factual 1 Which of the following states was not among the first to enfranchise women? Idaho Wyoming Utah New York Colorado D Average p. 637 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt became known as a "trust-buster" because he directed the Justice Department to prosecute Standard Oil. Northern Securities Company. Hormel Meatpackers. American Telegraph and Telephone. American Tobacco Company. B Least Difficult p. 645 Factual 1 Which of the following statements best describes the central tenets of Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"? renewed commitment to deregulate free-market capitalism regulation of business and industries by private industry councils strengthening of the federal government for the purpose of monitoring business and industry a return to a premarket rural economy government ownership of the major means of production C Average p. 645 Analytical 1 Which of the following bills was not passed during Theodore Roosevelt's tenure in office? Hepburn Act Pure Food and Drug Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Meat Inspection Act Public Lands Commission C Least Difficult p. 645 Analytical 1 Who of the following was not a candidate in the 1912 presidential election? William Taft Eugene Debs William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson C Average p. 649 Factual 1 Which of the following statements best illustrates the ideas contained in Woodrow Wilson's commitment to a "New Freedom"? Give the federal government temporary power in order to dismantle trusts. Give the federal government power to regulate the trusts. Transfer ownership of trust companies to the federal government. Give states more power to regulate business and industry within their borders. Adopt a laissez faire approach to business. A Most Difficult p. 649 Analytical 1 In the early years of his presidency, Woodrow Wilson wanted to regulate business, so as to protect the rights of workers. assist business and the banking industry in self-regulation. push a strong antisegregationist agenda. veto the Clayton Act. nationalize the railroads. B Average p. 651-652 Analytical 1 All of the following bills passed during Wilson's first term except the Kern-McGillicuddy Act (worker compensation for Federal employees). the Adamson Act (8-hour work day). the Hepburn Act (railroad regulation). the Keating-Owen Act (child labor regulations). Federal Reserve Act (creating a national banking system). C Average p. 650-653 Factual 1 After Wilson's and Roosevelt's tenures in office, which of the following statements could not be said to be true? The federal government gained more power. The tariff was eliminated. A federal banking system was established. The role of the president was redefined and strengthened. A new commitment to conservation had emerged. B Average p. 645-647 | p. 650-653 Factual 1 Which of the following was not an aspect of Progressive Era municipal reform? a city manager plan a city commissioner plan public utilities a balanced budget elimination of corruption D Least Difficult p. 633-635 Factual 1 The Progressives were all members of the Republican Party. isolationists in foreign policy. mostly Protestant middle-class idealists and reformers. mostly laissez-faire politicians and conservative businessmen. mostly farmers. C Average p. 626 Factual 1 As a result of Florence Kelley's investigations, Illinois cleaned up the meat packing plants. taxed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. established free legal clinics for needy people. closed down Hull House. outlawed child labor and established the eight-hour day for women workers. E Average p. 630 Factual 1 All of the following describe the role of saloons in ethnic, working-class neighborhoods except they drained family finances and contributed to domestic violence. they offered workers decent places to eat lunch. they offered loans and check cashing services. they were supported by progressive reformers as positive assets in working-class communities. they offered traditional ethnic food and drinks. D Most Difficult p. 644-646 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding Eugene V Debs are true except he was imprisoned in 1895 for leading the Pullman strike. was a radical revolutionary who called for the violent overthrow of capitalism. was the leader and founder of the Socialist Party of America. was a presidential candidate in the election of 1912. saw himself as the savior of American political and cultural traditions. B Average p. 632 Factual 1 Under the city manager plan, city commissioners set policy while the executive officer implemented policy. the city manager position was an elected two-year office. poor and minority voters' influence increased. voting fraud and graft were completely eliminated. all of the above. A Most Difficult p. 634 Factual 1 The introduction of the Australian ballot made ticket-splitting impossible. was opposed by Progressive politicians. allowed political parties to print ballots and supervise voting. ended corruption in American politics. required voters to vote in private rather than in public. E Most Difficult p. 636 Factual 1 Progressive views on voting rights included the belief that the vote that should be granted only to those responsible enough to handle it. blacks were racially and culturally unfit and should be denied the vote. immigrants should become citizens before being allowed to vote. citizenship should be difficult to achieve. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 636-637 Factual 1 Robert LaFollette is noted as the Republican governor and U.S. senator who led the Progressive reform movement in Wisconsin. the head of the most corrupt political machine in U.S. history. the first socialist elected to national office. Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. the leader of conservative Republicans in Congress. A Average p. 640-641 Factual 1 The modern civil rights movement began with the Seneca Falls convention. founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. election of Woodrow Wilson as president of the United States. founding of Tuskegee Institute. B Average p. 643 Factual 1 The NAACP was created and controlled entirely by black activists. advocated violence as a means of ending discrimination. initiated lawsuits challenging segregation and voting discrimination. continued the policy of accommodation established by Booker T. Washington. no longer exists. C Average p. 643 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt's antitrust policy reflected his belief that the best solution would be see all monopolies destroyed. economy would profit from an increase in the number of small, family-owned businesses. federal government should not interfere with the economy. federal government should own all monopolies. federal government should only dissolve monopolies that violated the law. E Most Difficult p. 645 Analytical 1 Theodore Roosevelt's environmental policy reflected his belief that national forests and wildlife should be protected from human encroachment. public land and natural resources should be scientifically managed and efficiently developed. cattlemen and lumber companies should have free use of public lands. local and state governments were responsible for regulating natural resources. public lands should be sold to private enterprise. B Most Difficult p. 645-647 Analytical 1 William Howard Taft was a corrupt, incompetent professional politician. strong preservationist in regard to the national forests. cautious and conservative leader whose specialty was constitutional law. dynamic, aggressive personality who loved public confrontations. Democrat. C Most Difficult p. 647 Analytical 1 All of the following contributed to the 1912 split in the Republican party except Progressive dissatisfaction with the Payne-Aldrich tariff. controversy over efforts to limit the power of the Speaker of the House of Representatives. old guard opposition to Taft's conservation policy. conservative manipulation of the nominating convention in favor of Taft. Gifford Pinchot's opposition to the Taft administration. C Most Difficult p. 648 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson was all of the following except the first southerner elected president since the Civil War. a professional educator with a Ph.D. in political science. a deeply religious progressive who believed in peaceful, orderly reform. a Democrat a firm believer in racial equality. E Average p. 648-652 Factual 1 Which of the following pairs of muckrakers and issues is incorrect? Lincoln Steffens--political corruption Ida Tarbell--shady business practices George Kibbe Turner--prostitution Upton Sinclair--meat packing Jane Addams--sharecropping E Least Difficult p. 626 Factual 1 All of the following were involved in forming the Department of Social Research at the University of Chicago except Julia Lathrop. Ellen Gates Starr. Edith Abbott. Sophonistra Breckinridge. none of the above. B Most Difficult p. 630 Factual 1 The most important law passed during Woodrow Wilson's first administration was the Underwood-Simmons Tariff. Federal Reserve Act. Clayton Antitrust Act. Federal Trade Commission Act. Hepburn Act. B Average p. 651 Factual 1 Debate among the presidential candidates in 1912 focused on women's suffrage. foreign policy. civil rights. the trusts. the railroads. D Least Difficult p. 649 Factual 1 In 1915, the Supreme Court endorsed the separate but equal principle. outlawed railroad rebates. invalidated "grandfather clauses" that allowed certain whites to vote in Oklahoma and Maryland. declared poll taxes unconstitutional. declared segregation unconstitutional. C Most Difficult p. 643 Analytical 1 As President, Woodrow Wilson responded to pleas from the NAACP to use the federal government's power to stop lynching. opposed the efforts of white southerners in his cabinet to segregate government departments. sent federal troops to break up the Pullman strike. used government's power aggressively to aid worker and farmer organizations. failed to support legislation that would have given labor and farmer organizations immunity from antitrust prosecution. E Most Difficult p. 652 Analytical 1 President Woodrow Wilson's nominations to the Federal Reserve Board tended to be men from Wall Street firms and industrial corporations. progressive reformers. socialists. career politicians. farmers. A Average p. 652 Factual 1 The Federal Reserve Act broke up powerful private financial institutions that were too powerful. was a more powerful and centralized authority than a national bank would have been. prohibited interlocking directories. provided for government ownership of national banks. was more in keeping with Roosevelt's concept of New Nationalism than with the promises of Wilson's New Freedom. E Most Difficult p. 651 Analytical 1 The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave women the vote. gave blacks the vote. gave the government the power to impose an income tax. prohibited alcoholic beverages. provided for the popular election of Senators. C Average p. 650 Factual 1 Richard Bollinger, Secretary of Interior under President Taft, angered progressives by opposing the women's suffrage amendment. supporting high protective tariffs. opening public land for private commercial use. opposing legislation to regulate the food and meat packing industry. opposing the income tax amendment. C Average p. 648 Factual 1 The tariff passed during President Taft's administration significantly lowered tariff rates. failed to include a corporate income tax. won the support of the progressives. did nothing to lower tariff rates. was supported by Woodrow Wilson. D Average p. 648 Factual 1 Gifford Pinchot's approach to national forests called for protecting them from all human interference. allowing private interests complete freedom to develop resources in ways that maximized profits. selling all public lands to private developers. limiting the use of public lands to recreational purposes only. adopting scientific management principles that ensure the best uses and conservation practices for natural resources. E Average p. 646 Analytical 1 In response to the 1902 coal miners' strike President Roosevelt dispatched federal troops to restore order and force the miners back to work. insisted that mine owners accept arbitration or face federal troops to seizures of their property. refused to involve the federal government. defied public opinion by siding with the workers. nationalized the coal fields. B Average p. 645 Factual 1 Theodore Roosevelt became President after being elected on the Progressive Party ticket. when President McKinley was shot. as a result of a disputed election. with a majority of the electoral vote but a minority of the popular vote. through a Supreme Court decision. B Average p. 644 Factual 1 W. E. B. Du Bois opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodationist philosophy with regard to race relations. encouraged the African American community to compromise with white racists. opposed the organization of the NAACP. called for segregation of the races. supported black nationalism. A Least Difficult p. 643 Factual 1 Settlement houses had dual functions: They were neighborhood resources for immigrants and working-class residents, while they also actively participated in the progressive political agenda nationwide. T Least Difficult p. 630 Factual 1 Socialism achieved significant popularity in isolated urban areas in the East, but never had any notable political power in the other states. F Least Difficult p. 632 Factual 1 Progressive-era reform in municipal politics diminished the influence of working-class and minority residents and resulted in more power for the middle and upper classes. T Average p. 635 Analytical 1 The Federal Reserve Act reflected Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom principles by breaking up private financial institutions. F Most Difficult p. 651 Analytical 1 The NAACP was an organization composed entirely of northern blacks whose goals included desegregation and elimination of voting restrictions for blacks throughout the nation. F Average p. 643 Factual 1 After his first term, President Theodore Roosevelt won the support of working-class Americans because they believed he was willing to use the federal government to arbitrate labor disputes. T Average p. 645 Analytical 1 Theodore Roosevelt's concern for the environment is best described as preservationist. F Least Difficult p. 645 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson easily won the Democratic nomination in 1912. F Average p. 649 Factual 1 Popular magazines like McClure's appealed to the buying public by publishing sensational stories exposing the ills of American society. T Average p. 627 Analytical 1 Most settlement houses were founded by wealthy philanthropists like James B. Duke and Henry Clay Frick. F Average p. 628-630 Factual 1 Muckrakers were more sympathetic than were the settlement house workers to the problems of the inner-city poor. F Average p. 630 Analytical 1 The city commission form of local government was first used in the aftermath of a destructive tidal wave in Galveston, Texas. T Least Difficult p. 634 Factual 1 Progressive reforms actually resulted in a decline in voting participation rates between 1896 and 1920. T Average p. 637 Analytical 1 Woodrow Wilson was the only reformist candidate in the election of 1912. F Average p. 649-650 Analytical 1 Most progressives agreed on the need for an activist government to right political, economic, and social wrongs. T Least Difficult p. 625 Analytical 1 Progressives were the first to view powerful, centralized government in a positive way. F Average p. 625 Factual 1 Jane Addams approved of political machines. F Average p. 630 Analytical 1 Julius Wayland's Appeal to Reason reached 750,000 subscribers weekly. T Average p. 632 Factual 1 Progressive reform arose first in the cities. T Average p. 633 Factual 1 The city commission and city manager plans were universally popular. F Average p. 635 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson was the favorite as the 1912 Democratic convention began. F Average p. 649 Factual 1 The Australian ballot predated the Progressive Era. T Average p. 636 Factual 1 The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization made it easier to become a U.S. citizen. F Least Difficult p. 636 Factual 1 Western states granted women the right to vote in the interest of egalitarianism. F Average p. 637 Analytical 1 Suffragists of the Progressive Era maintained that women were fundamentally equal to men. F Average p. 638 Analytical 1 The women's suffrage movement regained momentum after Carrie Chapman Catt became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1915. T Average p. 639 Factual 1 The Payne-Aldrich Tariff encouraged foreign imports. F Average p. 648 Analytical 1 The Progressive Party earned the nickname "Bull Moosers" because of Theodore Roosevelt's fondness for hunting. F Least Difficult p. 648 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson identified with the Bryan wing of the Democratic Party. F Average p. 649 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson gained the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912 on the first ballot. F Average p. 650 Factual 1 The first task that Woodrow Wilson undertook after assuming the presidency was overhauling the nation's financial system. F Average p. 650 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson mounted an aggressive antitrust campaign after assuming the presidency. F Average p. 651-652 Factual 1 Woodrow Wilson remained true to his New Freedom principles. F Most Difficult p. 651-652 Analytical 1 Progressive reform began first at the national level and then trickled down to states and municipalities. F Least Difficult p. 625 Analytical 1 Theodore Roosevelt meant the term "muckraker" as a compliment. F Least Difficult p. 626 Analytical 1 "Realism" affected only artistic endeavors like painting and sculpture. F Average p. 627 Analytical 1 William Howard Taft had served as Theodore Roosevelt's vice president. F Least Difficult p. 647 Factual 1 Many suffragists in the South and West opposed the franchise for Americans of color. T Least Difficult p. 638 Factual 1 Robert LaFollette began his political career as a Democrat. F Least Difficult p. 640 Factual 1 As President, Woodrow Wilson committed the resources of the federal government to the anti-lynching campaign. F Average p. 652 Factual 1 The charismatic speaker and leader of American socialists was ____________________. Eugene Debs Least Difficult p. 632 Factual 1 0 The problems associated with corrupt voting practices, such as bribing voters with food and drink, was solved partially by the introduction of the ____________________. secret/Australian ballot Average p. 636 Factual 1 0 Demands that blacks be restored their voting rights and that segregation be abolished were two of the main tenets of participants in the ____________________ movement. Niagara Most Difficult p. 643 Factual 1 0 During his 1904 presidential campaign, Theodore Roosevelt promised every American a ____________________. square deal Least Difficult p. 645 Factual 1 0 The Progressive Era president who managed to pass a tariff-reduction bill was ____________________. Woodrow Wilson Most Difficult p. 650 Factual 1 0 By 1910, the social reformer who founded the settlement house movement, ____________________ was one of the most famous women in the United States. Jane Addams Least Difficult p. 630 Analytical 1 0 ____________________ was a former major league baseball player who became the most theatrical evangelical preacher of his day. Billy Sunday Average p. 626 Factual 1 0 Walter Rauschenbusch led the ____________________, movement that emphasized the duty of Christians to work for the social good. Social Gospel Average p. 626 Factual 1 0 The most important socialist publication during the Progressive Era was ____________________. Appeal to Reason Average p. 632 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the first state to grant women the right to vote. Wyoming Average p. 637 Factual 1 0 ____________________ founded the National Woman's Party in 1916. Alice Paul Average p. 639 Factual 1 0 The Wisconsin Industrial Commission was designed by ____________________ . John R. Commons Average p. 641 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's powers to review railroad rates. Hepburn Act Average p. 645 Factual 1 0 William Howard Taft's opponent in 1908 was ____________________. William Jennings Bryan Average p. 647 Factual 1 0 Theodore Roosevelt's running mate in 1912 was ____________________. Hiram W. Johnson Average p. 648 Factual 1 0 The only 1912 presidential candidate to advocate breaking up the trusts was ____________________. Woodrow Wilson Least Difficult p. 649 Factual 1 0 Tom Johnson was elected mayor of ____________________ in 1901. Cleveland Average p. 634 Factual 1 0 In Drift and Mastery, ____________________ argued that industrial and social changes had overwhelmed ordinary people and left them incapable of taking charge of their destinies. Walter Lippmann Average p. 637 Analytical 1 0 Nowhere did the progressives' campaign for social reform flourish as it did in ____________________. Wisconsin Least Difficult p. 641 Analytical 1 0 Theodore Roosevelt appointed a ____________________ to survey public lands, inventory them, and establish permit systems to regulate the kinds and numbers of users. Public Lands Commission Average p. 646 Factual 1 0 Theodore Roosevelt unveiled his New Nationalism at ____________________. Osawatomie, Kansas Average p. 648-649 Factual 1 0 Before running for president, Woodrow Wilson was governor of ____________________. New Jersey Least Difficult p. 648 Factual 1 0 A race riot in ____________________ caused some progressive whites to join the Niagara movement to form the NAACP. Springfield, Illinois Average p. 642-643 Factual 1 0 The settlement house founded by Jane Addams was known as ____________________. Hull House Average p. 628-629 Factual 1 0 African American heavyweight champion ____________________ was arrested under the Mann Act for "transporting" the white woman who became his wife across state lines. Jack Johnson Most Difficult p. 631 | p. 642 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages. 18th Average p. 631 Factual 1 0 The progressive reform known as the ____________________ allowed voters to put legislative proposals before the voters in a general election, rather than waiting for state legislatures to act. initiative Average p. 635 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ allowed voters to remove elected official from office if they betrayed the public trust. recall Average p. 635 Factual 1 0 Editor of the NAACP magazine the Crisis was ____________________. W.E.B. Du Bois Most Difficult p. 643 Factual 1 0 The two U.S. presidents most associated with the progressive movement were ____________________ and ____________________. Roosevelt; Wilson Wilson;Roosevelt Least Difficult p. 649 Factual 1 0 muckraker: term coined by Theodore Roosevelt that referred to a group of investigative journalists who published stories exposing shady practices and corruption in business and politics. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Hull House: the first settlement house in the United States. Opened in Chicago by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Set up a nursery for the children of working mothers, a penny savings bank, an employment bureau, a baby clinic, a playground, and a social club. Also promoted the arts by sponsoring an orchestra, reading groups, and a lecture series. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Australian ballot: secret ballot printed by the government, introduced in virtually every state by the 1890s. Enabled voters to cast their votes privately. Signified the government's commitment to election reform. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Bull Moosers: name given to Theodore Roosevelt's supporters when he ran as the Progressive Party candidate in the 1912 presidential election. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 preservationists: members of the environmental movement who wanted to protect the forests and wild animals from all human interference. Epitomized by John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 conservationists: members of the environmental movement who believed that the forests should be scientifically managed and harvested like a crop. Supported by Theodore Roosevelt. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 realism: way of thinking that prized detachment, objectivity, and skepticism. Began in the 1890s as intellectuals and artists of all sorts set about creating truer, more realistic ways of portraying and analyzing American society. Emphasized the goal of describing society as it "truly was." TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 women's clubs: attracted hundreds of thousands of members during the Progressive Era. Conceived as self-help organizations in which women would be encouraged to sharpen their minds, refine their domestic skills, and strengthen their moral faculties. Embraced social reform and focused their energies on improving schools, building libraries, furthering vocational opportunities for girls, and securing fire and sanitation codes for tenement houses. Transformed traditional female concerns into questions of public policy and significantly increased public awareness of the problems afflicting children and families. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 The Crisis: magazine of the NAACP. Edited by W. E. B. Du Bois. Took an aggressive stand in demanding racial equality and full social, economic and political rights for African Americans. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Northern Securities Company: railroad monopoly that controlled the lines of the Northwest. First business monopoly broken up by a U.S. president. Won Teddy Roosevelt the title "trustbuster." TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Explain the significance of Hull House to both local and national political culture. Discuss the ways in which women's involvement in Hull House was important. Hull House was the first of more than four hundred settlement houses that opened around the country during the Progressive era. Opened by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago in 1889, Hull House was located in a working-class ethnic neighborhood. It provided key economic and social services to the neighborhood residents while also serving as a locus for reform activities initiated by white, middle-class women, many of whom eventually played key roles in setting the national Progressive agenda. On the local level, Hull House provided services ranging from babysitting, to employment bureaus, to social activities. Its purpose was to further the Progressive goals of attempting to "Americanize" the ethnic residents while encouraging them to maintain their cultural practices. Many of the residents of Hull House were educated, single, middle-class women who carved a niche for themselves in both state and national politics by conducting research and promoting reform in the areas of child labor, social work, and public health. Women like Florence Kelley, Julia Lathrop, and Alice Hamilton eventually had distinguished careers in their respective fields. Hull House's success inspired women in urban areas around the country to open settlement houses with similar purposes. The very participation of women in Progressive-era reform movements generated a large network of female reformers who incorporated traditionally female concerns--the health and safety of women and children--into the political agenda. In their work on the local, state, and national level, middle-class women set the stage for their increasingly public role in political and feminist reform movements. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast socialism and Progressivism. What were their similarities? Where did they differ? Both socialists and Progressives blamed the rapid growth of capitalism and industry in America for the social problems plaguing the country. Specifically, leaders of both movements condemned the concentration of power in the hands of industrial leaders, as well as the poor working conditions that were injurious to the health and safety of the workers and that caused widespread labor unrest. Many leading Progressives were members of the Socialist Party, sharing Eugene Debs's vision that the movement was consistent with the basic principles of American democracy and justice that had been associated with the United States since the American Revolution. Although eventually American socialism fractured into different groups, most socialists agreed that capitalism should be eliminated and, to differing degrees, most called for a revolution to achieve that end. Progressives, by contrast, wanted to tame capitalism, not eliminate it. Socialists shared with Progressives the desire to see a stronger state with regulatory power, but, unlike Progressives, socialists wanted to see workers wield more political power and control. The constituencies of each movement were decidedly different. The masses of people who flocked to the Socialist Party (under the charismatic leadership of Eugene Debs) were members of working-class, ethnic communities. Most of these party members experienced first-hand the poor working and living conditions that both the Socialist and Progressive parties sought to improve. Progressives, on the other hand, remained a middle-class, white movement, peopled more by intellectuals than workers. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe municipal political reform, noting key features of the two main plans. Local-level Progressive reformers, many of whom were businessmen eager to integrate the concepts of efficiency and rationality into government, introduced the city manager and city commissioner plans. The city commissioner plan first was developed in Galveston, Texas, in 1900. It was designed to shift political power from elected officials, many of whom were susceptible to corruption and partisan politics, to five city commissioners who were professionals schooled under the principles of efficient management. In Texas, these five commissioners, each responsible for a department in city government, made myriad improvements to the city's infrastructure and services, as well as substantially reducing the budget. By 1913, more than three hundred cities were using the commissioner plan. The city manager plan was similar to the commissioner plan, but differed in that commissioners would elect a "chief executive"--the manager--to execute the policies they determined. This innovation reduced the possibility that commissioners would succumb to the lure of power by rewarding their supporters with contracts or jobs. The city manager--who was appointed, not elected--would not have to worry about pleasing an electorate. More like the chief executive officer of a private business than an elected official, the city manager was able to execute the commissioners' plans while at the same time ensuring that neither internal rivalries nor external influences would interfere with city management. First introduced in South Carolina in 1911, this plan was adopted by 130 cities by 1919. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the election of 1912. Why did Theodore Roosevelt run for president? What impact, if any, did he have on the final results? The 1910 mid-term elections were a harbinger for the 1912 presidential elections; across the country, reform-minded Republicans won primaries from conservative Republicans who were more in line with Republican President William Howard Taft's agenda. When reform-minded Democrats won a majority in the House, it was clear that the growing support of reform politics would pose a problem for Taft's 1912 bid for reelection. Although Theodore Roosevelt had vowed not to run again for president at the end of his term in 1908, several factors caused him to reconsider. His disappointment with Taft's administration, as well as his own popularity, contributed to his decision to take the Republican nomination from Taft. When Robert LaFollette, a leading Progressive candidate, succumbed to a nervous breakdown, Roosevelt announced his candidacy. Despite his popularity and the massive support for the Progressive agenda he promoted (and regardless of the fact that he won almost 75 percent of the delegate vote), the Republican Party leadership, still in the hands of the "Old Guard," awarded the nomination to Taft. Undaunted, Roosevelt announced he would run as the Progressive third-party candidate and continued campaigning for the Progressive vote. Meanwhile, after 46 ballots, Woodrow Wilson, former president of Princeton University and governor of New Jersey, secured the Democratic nomination. Wilson, like Roosevelt and Eugene Debs, the Socialist Party candidate, promoted a Progressive reform agenda. His call for the temporary concentration of power within the federal government in order to curtail the power of monopolies, the "New Freedom," although essentially different from Roosevelt's "New Nationalism," was generally consistent with Roosevelt's platform. This call for reform, coupled with the recent ascension of Progressive Democrats in the House, made Wilson an appealing candidate to the electorate. Roosevelt, unable to organize his Progressive Party effectively, caused a split in the Republican vote. Thus, in November 1912, Wilson was elected president. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What led to the emergence of the NAACP? Describe the organization, mentioning both its goals and its tactics for meeting them. The prevalence of racism and violence that continued to sweep the nation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed to the renewed civil rights movement. This, coupled with continued enforced segregation and disenfranchisement of blacks in the South, generated increasingly vocal criticism. Finally, the emergence of new voices (especially that of W.E.B. Du Bois) that criticized the segregationist and accommodationist policies of Booker T. Washington led to the creation of a movement with different aims. The Niagara Movement, led by Du Bois, called attention to continued violence and racism and demanded a movement for social and political equality for blacks. This call was answered in 1909 when Du Bois was joined by leading Progressives (white and black) in the formation of an interracial organization--the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP published a magazine, The Crisis, which broadly publicized the myriad displays of violent racism throughout the country, drawing both increased publicity and support for the movement. The Legal Redress Committee initiated lawsuits around the country, challenging the constitutionality of numerous racist laws and regulations, and it achieved notable successes. Their tactics successful, the NAACP's membership grew to thousands by the outbreak of the First World War. Its success triggered the formation of other civil rights organizations as well as re-energized the civil rights movement. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the role of the media in exposing problems and in instigating legislation during the Progressive era. During the Progressive era, crusading journalists, who were dubbed "muckrakers" by Theodore Roosevelt, investigated and exposed national social ills. Their sensational exposes were published in major newspapers and magazines, thereby reaching huge audiences and raising public interest in reform. Inexpensive magazines such as McClure's Magazine and Ladies Home Journal satisfied the public's demand for realistic descriptions of American life. Intellectuals, writers, photographers, and artists scrutinized and created lasting images of American society based on careful observation and research. Political corruption, exploitation of workers, poverty, slums, prostitution, and other problems provided shocking story lines for novelists and journalists. Many of the exposes directly led to federal action. For example, the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, a novel about the meat-packing industry, resulted in the passage of the federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Outraged and better-informed citizens pressured the government for action and joined Progressive reform groups dedicated to addressing national issues. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the Progressive influence on the expansion of voting rights in the United States. Which groups benefited from Progressive voting reforms? Which groups suffered from those reforms? Progressives implemented significant political reforms such as the direct primary, the Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of U.S. senators), the initiative, referendum, and recall, and strict voter registration laws. These policies were designed to reduce corruption, to limit the control of political machines, and to give the "worthy" citizens more influence and power. The most far-reaching reform was the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. The people who benefited most from the reforms were white middle- and upper-class men and women. The poor, African Americans and other ethnic minorities, and immigrants often found their access to political power was more limited after the passage of Progressive reforms than it had been previously. In the South, the use of the Mississippi Plan's literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes disfranchised thousands of poor whites and African Americans. In the North, Progressive reformers purged "irresponsible" and "corruptible" voters by eliminating alien suffrage, making citizenship more difficult to attain, and instituting strict voter registration rules. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 The Progressive Era achieved fame in part because far-reaching political and social reform was achieved at all levels of government throughout the United States. Describe the circumstances that led to this "reform fever" and the basic premises underlying the Progressive impulse. Be sure to discuss reforms at each level of government. What, in your opinion, was the most significant reform? Why? Essay should address several key points: A. Context for reform 1. Industrial and urban growth 2. Growth of corporate capitalism 3. Rise of labor disputes 4. Muckrakers B. Progressive ideology 1. Importance of scientific rationalism 2. Christian moralism 3. Faith in American democratic heritage C. Three levels of reform 1. Municipal a. Public control of transportation and utilities b. City commission plan c. City manager plan d. Settlement-house movement 2. State a. Registration and ballot reform b. Seventeenth Amendment c. Initiative and referendum d. Wisconsin plan 3. National a. Expansion of federal powers b. Larger presidential role
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 The Progressive Era is known not only for the political reform achieved at all different levels of government but also for the numerous social movements that emerged in the early twentieth century. For many Americans, participating in these social movements was their initial experience in political activism. Choose three of these movements and describe them. Discuss how they were consistent with larger Progressive ideologies and where they differed. Essay should address several key points: A. Settlement-house movement 1. Hull House and Jane Addams, Florence Kelley 2. Chicago School of Social Work 3. Female political activism B. Socialism 1. Coherent criticism of capitalism 2. Eugene Debs 3. IWW C. Civil rights 1. Continued violence, segregation, and disenfranchisement 2. W. E B. Du Bois and the Niagara Movement 3. NAACP and The Crisis
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Although very different, Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson each helped to redefine the role of the chief executive in modern democracy. Discuss each president's administration, focusing specifically on the role each carved for himself and for the federal government. What do you think were their greatest accomplishments? Which president, in your opinion, had the most successful administration? Essay should address several key points: A. Theodore Roosevelt 1. Prosecution of Northern Securities 2. Election of 1904 and the "square deal" a. Increased governmental regulatory control b. Hepburn Act c. Pure Food and Drug Act d. Meat Inspection Act 3. Conservationism B. William Howard Taft 1. Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill 2. Split between "Old Guard" and Reform Republicans 3. Pinchot-Ballinger affair C. Woodrow Wilson 1. Election of 1912--"new freedom" 2. Legislative victories a. Underwood-Simmons tariff b. Federal Reserve Act c. Federal Trade Commission Act d. Labor policies
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Discuss the national political struggles between conservative and reform groups within the Republican and Democratic parties during the period 1900 to 1916. Essay should address several key points: A. Election of 1900 1. Influence of the "Old Guard" Republicans 2. Weaknesses of Democratic-Populist coalition 3. Contrast of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt B. Roosevelt's presidency (1901-1909) 1. Expansion of government regulatory powers 2. Conservation 3. Balancing the interests of big business and the public 4. The Old Guard's response to reforms C. Election of 1908 and presidency of William Howard Taft 1. Conservatives and reformers split over issues 2. Roosevelt chooses Taft as successor 3. Taft's ties with the Old Guard 4. Ballinger-Pinchot controversy D. Election of 1912 1. Roosevelt wins primaries but loses nomination 2. Roosevelt organizes Progressive "Bull Moose" Party 3. Wilson emerges as strong reform Democratic candidate 4. Republican split throws election to Democrats E. Wilson's presidency (1909-1916) 1. New Freedom, New Nationalism, similarities and differences 2. Appointment of Louis Brandeis to Supreme Court 3. Labor reforms
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1