1 00:00:03,587 --> 00:00:06,917 - NARRATOR: Previously on the men who built America... 2 00:00:07,966 --> 00:00:11,336 Fighting back from the bloodshed of the Civil War, 3 00:00:12,429 --> 00:00:15,259 America has grown into one of the most powerful countries 4 00:00:15,349 --> 00:00:16,389 on the planet 5 00:00:17,351 --> 00:00:18,431 fuelled by a group 6 00:00:18,519 --> 00:00:21,399 of visionaries who are building a better future. 7 00:00:22,773 --> 00:00:24,983 Vanderbilt stopped at nothing to connect 8 00:00:25,067 --> 00:00:26,977 the nation via railroads. 9 00:00:27,986 --> 00:00:31,236 - If they want a War-- I'll give them a war. 10 00:00:34,076 --> 00:00:35,866 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller used his trademark 11 00:00:35,953 --> 00:00:38,793 ruthlessness to light homes from coast to coast... 12 00:00:39,123 --> 00:00:41,173 - But what about the Pittsburgh refineries? 13 00:00:41,250 --> 00:00:42,290 - Shut them down. 14 00:00:45,337 --> 00:00:48,087 - NARRATOR: Cities are expanding to the sky 15 00:00:48,465 --> 00:00:52,885 built on the strength of Andrew Carnegie's steel. 16 00:00:54,471 --> 00:00:55,971 - It's impossible. 17 00:00:56,056 --> 00:00:57,426 - Nothing's impossible. 18 00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:00,390 - NARRATOR: And under J.P. Morgan's control, 19 00:01:00,477 --> 00:01:03,017 electricity is starting to power the country. 20 00:01:03,981 --> 00:01:06,231 - EDISON: Long live the electric light. 21 00:01:07,067 --> 00:01:08,277 - (laughter) 22 00:01:08,652 --> 00:01:09,782 - (applause) 23 00:01:10,362 --> 00:01:12,952 - MORGAN: We're in the early days of a new industry. 24 00:01:13,532 --> 00:01:16,162 - NARRATOR: In just 35 short years the nation 25 00:01:16,243 --> 00:01:18,663 has changed faster than anyone could imagine. 26 00:01:20,372 --> 00:01:22,962 But the incredible advancements come with a price. 27 00:01:23,041 --> 00:01:25,961 - All those in favor of striking, raise your hand! 28 00:01:27,004 --> 00:01:29,264 - NARRATOR: An undercurrent of anger is growing... 29 00:01:29,339 --> 00:01:29,839 - Fire! 30 00:01:29,882 --> 00:01:31,132 - (gun fires) 31 00:01:31,216 --> 00:01:33,126 - NARRATOR: And many... - Mr. Frick... 32 00:01:33,218 --> 00:01:34,798 - NARRATOR: are looking to take back control 33 00:01:34,887 --> 00:01:35,847 of the country 34 00:01:37,222 --> 00:01:39,432 but America's most powerful Titans 35 00:01:39,516 --> 00:01:42,096 believe they answer to no one. 36 00:01:43,061 --> 00:01:44,311 - I've heard enough. 37 00:01:45,022 --> 00:01:46,362 This is what's going to happen. 38 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:47,400 The Morgan bank... 39 00:01:47,483 --> 00:01:48,823 - NARRATOR: And with a Presidential election 40 00:01:48,901 --> 00:01:53,821 on the horizon their next move will shock the world. 41 00:01:56,158 --> 00:02:00,078 - (Blues Saraceno playing "Save My Soul") 42 00:02:10,339 --> 00:02:12,759 ♪ When I got to Memphis ♪ 43 00:02:13,634 --> 00:02:15,384 ♪ I put my old baby down ♪ 44 00:02:16,261 --> 00:02:19,761 ♪ He said I can't take you to Heaven ♪ 45 00:02:21,266 --> 00:02:23,306 ♪ I can't save your soul ♪ 46 00:02:24,645 --> 00:02:26,645 ♪ I can't promise forever ♪ 47 00:02:26,730 --> 00:02:27,770 ♪ Whoo ♪ 48 00:02:29,316 --> 00:02:32,316 ♪ With my heart in your hands ♪ 49 00:02:33,237 --> 00:02:37,447 ♪ I can't feel, fell my soul ♪ 50 00:02:49,962 --> 00:02:54,802 - NARRATOR: After inheriting and expanding his father's 51 00:02:54,883 --> 00:02:57,183 banking empire J.P. Morgan 52 00:02:57,261 --> 00:03:00,431 is now among the most powerful man in the nation. 53 00:03:01,181 --> 00:03:03,351 His influence over the country is matched 54 00:03:03,433 --> 00:03:05,063 by only two other men. 55 00:03:07,604 --> 00:03:09,944 Andrew Carnegie and John D Rockefeller 56 00:03:10,023 --> 00:03:14,283 have been rivals for decades and that competition 57 00:03:14,361 --> 00:03:17,111 has driven both men to incredible heights. 58 00:03:18,782 --> 00:03:21,532 At the peak of their power, J.P. Morgan, 59 00:03:21,618 --> 00:03:23,868 John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie 60 00:03:23,954 --> 00:03:25,664 are worth the modern equivalent 61 00:03:25,747 --> 00:03:28,077 of over $1 trillion dollars combined. 62 00:03:29,626 --> 00:03:31,536 More than the entire net worth 63 00:03:31,628 --> 00:03:34,048 of the 40 richest people alive today. 64 00:03:35,591 --> 00:03:37,681 - The wealth, then, was like royalty. 65 00:03:37,759 --> 00:03:38,969 It was just a different thing. 66 00:03:39,052 --> 00:03:40,222 They literally controlled the country. 67 00:03:40,304 --> 00:03:41,724 When you're talking about a guy like Rockefeller, 68 00:03:41,805 --> 00:03:43,925 who was literally 1% of the economy, 69 00:03:44,016 --> 00:03:46,266 it's stunning to think about that. 70 00:03:46,351 --> 00:03:48,061 It is almost incomprehensible. 71 00:03:49,646 --> 00:03:50,726 - NARRATOR: But while Carnegie, 72 00:03:50,814 --> 00:03:53,734 Rockefeller and Morgan continue to get richer, 73 00:03:53,817 --> 00:03:55,937 others are struggling to get by. 74 00:03:57,321 --> 00:03:59,701 The gap between the rich and the poor 75 00:03:59,781 --> 00:04:01,451 is as big as it's ever been. 76 00:04:03,827 --> 00:04:06,747 Over 90% ofAmericans survive on less than $100 77 00:04:06,830 --> 00:04:10,170 dollars per month, while the average worker earns 78 00:04:10,250 --> 00:04:13,840 barely a dollar a day-- well below the poverty line. 79 00:04:15,672 --> 00:04:17,472 Working conditions in factories across 80 00:04:17,549 --> 00:04:19,629 the country are almost unbearable. 81 00:04:20,552 --> 00:04:24,642 In a single year, one out of every 11 steel workers 82 00:04:24,723 --> 00:04:26,473 will die while on the job. 83 00:04:31,021 --> 00:04:33,941 As the country approaches the 1896 Presidential 84 00:04:34,024 --> 00:04:39,154 election, America's poor are desperate and without hope. 85 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:44,780 One man sees the opportunity to harness 86 00:04:44,868 --> 00:04:48,408 their anger and in the process propel himself 87 00:04:48,497 --> 00:04:52,417 to the White House-- William Jennings Bryan. 88 00:04:54,211 --> 00:04:56,881 Bryan runs on a ticket promising equality 89 00:04:56,964 --> 00:05:00,594 for all, vowing to be a voice for the poor 90 00:05:01,134 --> 00:05:04,184 and to take the fight to the country's elite. 91 00:05:05,889 --> 00:05:08,269 - The great combinations of capital have encroached 92 00:05:08,350 --> 00:05:10,180 upon the rights of the masses. 93 00:05:10,268 --> 00:05:12,898 No man can earn a million dollars honestly. 94 00:05:12,980 --> 00:05:14,190 - (applause) 95 00:05:14,773 --> 00:05:18,073 - He made himself the spokesman for the common man. 96 00:05:18,151 --> 00:05:19,901 He was the Great Commoner. 97 00:05:19,987 --> 00:05:22,777 There's no doubt that he tapped into something 98 00:05:22,864 --> 00:05:25,494 that was vital to most Americans 99 00:05:25,575 --> 00:05:27,155 that were not well off. 100 00:05:27,744 --> 00:05:30,754 - Republicans endeavor to overthrow and discredit 101 00:05:30,831 --> 00:05:33,171 all who honestly administer the law 102 00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:36,500 and to allow every wrong doer to operate unchecked 103 00:05:36,586 --> 00:05:38,496 as long as he has enough money. 104 00:05:40,340 --> 00:05:43,050 - The monopolies, the trusts became a target 105 00:05:43,135 --> 00:05:47,215 of Democrats, so that anti-trust became 106 00:05:47,305 --> 00:05:52,765 a rallying cry of everybody who was--well not seen 107 00:05:52,853 --> 00:05:55,863 as in the hip pocket of the corporations themselves. 108 00:05:55,939 --> 00:05:58,019 - I will tear down these trusts. 109 00:05:58,483 --> 00:05:59,983 Do you hear me, Carnegie? 110 00:06:00,277 --> 00:06:01,817 Do you hear me, Rockefeller? 111 00:06:02,446 --> 00:06:03,606 - (applause) 112 00:06:05,157 --> 00:06:06,777 - NARRATOR: Bryan's emergence is the biggest 113 00:06:06,867 --> 00:06:08,697 threat the Titans have ever faced. 114 00:06:09,327 --> 00:06:13,827 He promises to dismantle their companies and to not rest 115 00:06:13,915 --> 00:06:15,955 until they're behind bars. 116 00:06:22,215 --> 00:06:25,255 - CARNEGIE: This is William Jennings Bryan 117 00:06:25,343 --> 00:06:27,183 at a recent Democrat rally. 118 00:06:27,262 --> 00:06:30,682 He's a prohibitionist and a devout Presbyterian. 119 00:06:30,766 --> 00:06:33,096 According to him, Darwin's theory of evolution 120 00:06:33,185 --> 00:06:34,435 is a pack of lies. 121 00:06:34,936 --> 00:06:37,146 He's an enemy of the gold standard and an enemy 122 00:06:37,230 --> 00:06:38,360 of big business. 123 00:06:40,192 --> 00:06:43,152 It is certain that he will win the Democratic nomination. 124 00:06:48,492 --> 00:06:49,872 What do you think? 125 00:06:50,327 --> 00:06:52,747 - The Republican party has a good candidate. 126 00:06:52,829 --> 00:06:56,749 - No. We have to have to buy our own president. 127 00:07:02,631 --> 00:07:04,011 - They took advantage of the strengths. 128 00:07:04,091 --> 00:07:06,681 When you have, you know, what relatively speaking 129 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:08,510 is an unlimited amount of money, 130 00:07:08,595 --> 00:07:11,175 you can pay people to do almost anything for you. 131 00:07:12,599 --> 00:07:14,929 - NARRATOR: Desperate to protect the empires 132 00:07:15,018 --> 00:07:17,478 they've spent their lifetimes building 133 00:07:17,562 --> 00:07:19,942 the titans throw their full support 134 00:07:20,023 --> 00:07:22,443 behind the candidacy of Ohio Governor, 135 00:07:22,526 --> 00:07:23,896 William McKinley. 136 00:07:25,028 --> 00:07:27,528 - William McKinley's campaign manager was 137 00:07:27,614 --> 00:07:30,454 an industrialist himself and he went, 138 00:07:30,534 --> 00:07:33,454 essentially hat in head, around Wall Street 139 00:07:33,537 --> 00:07:34,787 "dunning them". 140 00:07:34,871 --> 00:07:37,291 Saying, "if McKinley doesn't win, 141 00:07:37,374 --> 00:07:41,174 that crazy man Bryant will be President and if Bryan 142 00:07:41,253 --> 00:07:43,633 is President, don't you realize what that is going 143 00:07:43,713 --> 00:07:45,343 to do to the credibility of the United States 144 00:07:45,423 --> 00:07:46,673 around the world?" 145 00:07:47,259 --> 00:07:49,639 - NARRATOR: The Titans weld more power than any group 146 00:07:49,719 --> 00:07:51,429 of men in American history 147 00:07:54,599 --> 00:07:56,479 and they're about to use it. 148 00:08:00,355 --> 00:08:01,765 - Much appreciated. 149 00:08:05,819 --> 00:08:07,739 This is McKinley's speech that he'll be giving 150 00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:09,531 at the Republican convention. 151 00:08:15,787 --> 00:08:17,827 - Make sure he sees it in time. 152 00:08:17,914 --> 00:08:18,834 - Understood. 153 00:08:20,917 --> 00:08:24,457 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller, Morgan and Carnegie each 154 00:08:24,546 --> 00:08:27,206 give over $200,000 to McKinley. 155 00:08:28,091 --> 00:08:30,891 The equivalent of $20 million dollars today. 156 00:08:32,304 --> 00:08:34,684 The campaign is, by far, the most expensive 157 00:08:34,764 --> 00:08:38,814 in American history and McKinley outspent Bryan 158 00:08:38,894 --> 00:08:41,104 by a factor of five to one. 159 00:08:50,447 --> 00:08:53,197 But they don't just fund their candidate. 160 00:08:53,283 --> 00:08:55,873 The group wields tremendous influence 161 00:08:55,952 --> 00:08:58,202 and they aren't shy about using it. 162 00:09:00,165 --> 00:09:03,285 Suggesting headlines and orchestrating PR campaigns 163 00:09:03,376 --> 00:09:05,626 that end up getting McKinley elected. 164 00:09:06,296 --> 00:09:10,216 - It was easier to buy the publicity that you wanted 165 00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:12,090 in those days, than it is now. 166 00:09:12,177 --> 00:09:15,507 The news media was a smaller market and it was easier 167 00:09:15,597 --> 00:09:18,177 to feed information to your favorite 168 00:09:18,266 --> 00:09:20,476 correspondents than it probably is now. 169 00:09:21,895 --> 00:09:23,685 - NARRATOR: Bryan fights back. 170 00:09:23,772 --> 00:09:25,062 He undertakes the country's 171 00:09:25,148 --> 00:09:26,978 first whistle-stop press tour. 172 00:09:27,817 --> 00:09:30,277 Cross-crossing the nation and talking directly 173 00:09:30,362 --> 00:09:31,572 to the people. 174 00:09:32,364 --> 00:09:35,074 The tour becomes the model for the way Presidential 175 00:09:39,162 --> 00:09:42,252 Bryan gives over 500 speeches to huge crowds 176 00:09:42,332 --> 00:09:43,672 across the country. 177 00:09:44,542 --> 00:09:48,422 - I will put rings in the noses of these hogs. 178 00:09:49,673 --> 00:09:52,093 - NARRATOR: Publicly attacking the nation's richest 179 00:09:52,175 --> 00:09:55,425 and most powerful men and vowing to usher 180 00:09:55,512 --> 00:09:56,802 in a whole new era. 181 00:09:58,014 --> 00:10:00,644 As Bryan's campaign gains traction, 182 00:10:00,725 --> 00:10:03,095 the nation's leading industrialists turn 183 00:10:03,186 --> 00:10:04,476 to fear tactics. 184 00:10:06,189 --> 00:10:09,149 - Many big employers-- many big industrialists 185 00:10:09,234 --> 00:10:12,074 said, "if Bryan wins this election, 186 00:10:12,153 --> 00:10:15,363 business is going to be so bad we're simply closing shop. 187 00:10:15,824 --> 00:10:18,784 So, if Bryan wins on election Tuesday, 188 00:10:18,868 --> 00:10:21,288 don't bother showing up for work on the next day 189 00:10:21,371 --> 00:10:23,001 because there won't be jobs." 190 00:10:23,665 --> 00:10:26,535 Well, if you're a worker and this is something that 191 00:10:26,626 --> 00:10:28,626 confronts you, you're going to think very 192 00:10:28,712 --> 00:10:31,462 seriously--even if you had been intending to vote 193 00:10:31,548 --> 00:10:33,128 for Bryan, which way does... 194 00:10:33,216 --> 00:10:35,296 maybe your heart leans towards Bryant, 195 00:10:35,385 --> 00:10:37,505 but where does your pocketbook point? 196 00:10:39,931 --> 00:10:43,231 - NARRATOR: On election day the lines are drawn. 197 00:10:43,310 --> 00:10:45,600 It's Wall Street versus Main Street, 198 00:10:46,062 --> 00:10:47,562 rich versus poor. 199 00:10:48,273 --> 00:10:51,233 - One of the things of an evolving society is that-- 200 00:10:51,318 --> 00:10:53,108 is the wealth distribution and it's clear that we 201 00:10:53,194 --> 00:10:55,614 argue about today has a corner in every politics. 202 00:10:55,697 --> 00:10:58,197 Is it better with wealth in the hands of a few, 203 00:10:58,283 --> 00:10:59,703 versus distributing among the many, 204 00:10:59,784 --> 00:11:02,664 whether from a moral or an economic point of view. 205 00:11:02,746 --> 00:11:04,956 - NARRATOR: 90% of eligible voters go 206 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,670 to the polls, roughly double recent turnouts. 207 00:11:10,128 --> 00:11:12,668 - In the 1890s voting was a public act and on one 208 00:11:12,756 --> 00:11:15,126 side there was the Republican ballot box 209 00:11:15,216 --> 00:11:16,966 and on the other side was the Democratic ballot box. 210 00:11:17,052 --> 00:11:19,602 And so your foreman or an agent of your foreman 211 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:21,849 could see who you voted for. 212 00:11:21,931 --> 00:11:26,441 So there was a certain coercion that was employed 213 00:11:26,519 --> 00:11:29,979 by the Republicans upon those urban workers. 214 00:11:30,065 --> 00:11:31,855 They might well have decided what they decided 215 00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:34,151 on their own but this simply made it easier 216 00:11:34,235 --> 00:11:35,735 for them to decide that. 217 00:11:40,241 --> 00:11:42,281 - NARRATOR: When the polls close, 218 00:11:42,369 --> 00:11:44,949 the nation's future hangs in the balance. 219 00:11:49,501 --> 00:11:51,541 For 20 long hours Carnegie, 220 00:11:51,628 --> 00:11:54,668 Morgan and Rockefeller agonize over the results. 221 00:11:56,549 --> 00:11:58,799 Not knowing whether the modern country they helped 222 00:11:58,885 --> 00:12:01,675 to build will still be the same 223 00:12:01,763 --> 00:12:03,723 when all the ballots are counted. 224 00:12:10,647 --> 00:12:12,817 America is at a crossroads. 225 00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:16,190 A small group of men have created the modern 226 00:12:16,277 --> 00:12:19,987 country, building unimagined empires in oil, 227 00:12:20,073 --> 00:12:22,493 steel and electricity. 228 00:12:25,995 --> 00:12:29,785 But now, those empires are being threatened. 229 00:12:33,503 --> 00:12:36,673 People across the country are demanding change. 230 00:12:36,756 --> 00:12:39,586 Outraged over what they see as corrupt business 231 00:12:39,676 --> 00:12:43,966 practices and unbearable conditions for workers. 232 00:12:46,099 --> 00:12:49,769 The 1896 US Presidential election is the 233 00:12:49,853 --> 00:12:53,233 battleground to determine the future of the nation 234 00:12:54,607 --> 00:12:57,107 and the Titans have done everything they can 235 00:12:57,193 --> 00:12:59,743 to make sure the election goes their way. 236 00:13:10,748 --> 00:13:14,588 As America goes to the polls, Andrew Carnegie, 237 00:13:16,212 --> 00:13:21,512 J.P. Morgan and John Rockefeller are forced to wait. 238 00:13:26,264 --> 00:13:29,484 Ultimately, this decision lies in the hands 239 00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:31,139 of the American people. 240 00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:35,984 The country is divided. 241 00:13:36,983 --> 00:13:39,823 Democrat William Jennings Bryant carries the rural 242 00:13:39,903 --> 00:13:41,243 South and Mid-West. 243 00:13:42,780 --> 00:13:44,990 While Ohio Governor, William McKinley, 244 00:13:45,074 --> 00:13:46,914 takes the big money North East. 245 00:13:48,661 --> 00:13:53,711 As the results are tallied the nation holds its breath. 246 00:13:58,046 --> 00:14:02,296 Until, finally, a President is chosen. 247 00:14:09,599 --> 00:14:12,019 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller, Carnegie and Morgan 248 00:14:12,101 --> 00:14:13,391 have dodged a bullet. 249 00:14:13,853 --> 00:14:16,313 The country remains in their control. 250 00:14:17,857 --> 00:14:21,527 With McKinley in office they're free to conduct 251 00:14:21,611 --> 00:14:24,281 business in the way they've become accustomed. 252 00:14:28,326 --> 00:14:29,866 - MAURY KLEIN: After McKinley's election 253 00:14:29,953 --> 00:14:31,873 a number of the issues that had bothered 254 00:14:31,955 --> 00:14:34,665 the big businessmen conveniently went away. 255 00:14:35,416 --> 00:14:39,586 He was a man who was in his philosophy, 256 00:14:39,671 --> 00:14:43,881 in his approach to politics very much 257 00:14:43,967 --> 00:14:45,467 in sympathy with them. 258 00:14:46,135 --> 00:14:48,795 - NARRATOR: McKinley rules back regulation 259 00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:51,098 and profits once again skyrocket. 260 00:14:53,476 --> 00:14:57,346 It's back to business as usual and Carnegie, 261 00:14:57,438 --> 00:15:01,228 Rockefeller and Morgan are set to become even more powerful 262 00:15:01,317 --> 00:15:02,527 than ever before. 263 00:15:12,078 --> 00:15:14,498 They've defeated their common enemy 264 00:15:14,581 --> 00:15:17,171 and with that ultimate goal achieved 265 00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:20,500 their uneasy alliance begins to fray. 266 00:15:23,047 --> 00:15:25,757 Rockefeller is the first to break ranks. 267 00:15:27,302 --> 00:15:31,102 - Because Rockefeller, because Carnegie were so wealthy, 268 00:15:31,180 --> 00:15:32,970 because they had so much money--they had 269 00:15:33,057 --> 00:15:35,267 more money than they could probably reinvest 270 00:15:35,351 --> 00:15:37,811 in their own companies-- they were looking 271 00:15:37,895 --> 00:15:39,515 for things to invest in. 272 00:15:43,443 --> 00:15:45,863 - NARRATOR: John Rockefeller learns 273 00:15:45,945 --> 00:15:49,105 of a massive deposit of iron ore in Northern Minnesota. 274 00:15:50,491 --> 00:15:53,541 The primary material used in production of steel. 275 00:15:57,749 --> 00:16:00,879 Rockefeller knows little about the steel business. 276 00:16:01,377 --> 00:16:03,797 What he does know is that Andrew Carnegie is the 277 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:08,260 biggest steel producer in the world and that this is 278 00:16:08,343 --> 00:16:12,013 his chance to beat his long time rival at his own game. 279 00:16:14,223 --> 00:16:17,733 - If you were a well-run company competing against 280 00:16:17,810 --> 00:16:20,900 other well-run companies you're coming up 281 00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:23,400 with ideas to jump them. 282 00:16:24,233 --> 00:16:26,033 You're thinking they might do this, 283 00:16:26,110 --> 00:16:27,440 I'm going to do this. 284 00:16:28,112 --> 00:16:30,242 It's not a big complicated thing. 285 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:37,870 - Rockefeller is a fool. 286 00:16:38,331 --> 00:16:39,291 - How so? 287 00:16:47,173 --> 00:16:48,633 - Should we be worried? 288 00:16:48,716 --> 00:16:49,586 - No. 289 00:16:50,468 --> 00:16:54,138 You can buy iron ore anywhere and the ore from 290 00:16:54,222 --> 00:16:56,262 the Mesabi Mountains is like dust. 291 00:16:56,349 --> 00:16:58,639 It clogs the blast furnaces. 292 00:16:58,976 --> 00:17:01,976 No steel producer in his right mind would buy it. 293 00:17:08,778 --> 00:17:10,858 - (dynamite explosion) 294 00:17:13,241 --> 00:17:15,781 - NARRATOR: But Carnegie is wrong. 295 00:17:15,868 --> 00:17:18,828 Steel manufacturers quickly figure out how 296 00:17:18,913 --> 00:17:22,423 to use the iron ore and Rockefeller immediately 297 00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,920 begins supplying it to Carnegie's competitors 298 00:17:26,003 --> 00:17:27,753 at rock bottom prices. 299 00:17:29,841 --> 00:17:32,181 - There are many people who either work 300 00:17:32,260 --> 00:17:35,260 for Carnegie knew how to make steel, could figure out, 301 00:17:35,346 --> 00:17:37,636 well if I could raise a little bit of money 302 00:17:37,724 --> 00:17:40,104 maybe I could start my own steel company and price it 303 00:17:40,184 --> 00:17:42,484 just a little bit lower than Carnegie. 304 00:17:42,562 --> 00:17:43,312 And guess what? 305 00:17:43,354 --> 00:17:46,064 Customers will come to me to buy their steel. 306 00:17:49,235 --> 00:17:51,855 - NARRATOR: As the competition heats up 307 00:17:51,946 --> 00:17:54,316 Carnegie's customers begin to flee. 308 00:17:56,492 --> 00:17:58,332 The impact is devastating. 309 00:17:59,996 --> 00:18:03,416 In just months Carnegie's profits begin to crater. 310 00:18:07,712 --> 00:18:09,962 Sensing weakness Rockefeller devises 311 00:18:10,047 --> 00:18:11,507 a daring scheme. 312 00:18:13,551 --> 00:18:15,761 He's going to build a steel plant. 313 00:18:15,845 --> 00:18:19,005 One to rival anything Andrew Carnegie has ever built. 314 00:18:22,685 --> 00:18:25,475 But Carnegie knows he can't let that happen. 315 00:18:26,397 --> 00:18:28,727 - Carnegie is determined 316 00:18:28,816 --> 00:18:31,276 that nobody is going to take his place. 317 00:18:31,861 --> 00:18:33,651 He's going to build new plants, 318 00:18:33,738 --> 00:18:36,568 he's going to destroy-- if Rockefeller goes 319 00:18:36,657 --> 00:18:38,737 into steel he'll destroy him. 320 00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:44,659 Carnegie calls a meeting. 321 00:18:44,749 --> 00:18:47,329 Hoping to intimidate Rockefeller into staying 322 00:18:47,418 --> 00:18:49,168 out of the steel business. 323 00:18:51,589 --> 00:18:53,669 But Rockefeller didn't become the richest man 324 00:18:53,758 --> 00:18:57,088 in American history by cowering in fear. 325 00:19:00,264 --> 00:19:01,854 - CARNEGIE: Mr. Rockefeller. 326 00:19:01,933 --> 00:19:03,683 - ROCKEFELLER: Mr. Carnegie. 327 00:19:13,611 --> 00:19:15,781 - You don't want to negotiate with me. 328 00:19:16,614 --> 00:19:18,244 I am a great negotiator. 329 00:19:18,616 --> 00:19:20,446 I know I intimidate people. 330 00:19:20,535 --> 00:19:21,655 I understand that. 331 00:19:21,744 --> 00:19:23,874 I get it, and I understand why, 332 00:19:23,955 --> 00:19:26,405 and I don't want to intimidate anybody, 333 00:19:26,499 --> 00:19:28,379 unless they try to hurt me. 334 00:19:28,459 --> 00:19:29,959 Then I hurt them back. 335 00:19:31,963 --> 00:19:35,053 - NARRATOR: Their rivalry has lasted for decades 336 00:19:35,132 --> 00:19:38,432 but now--for the first time ever--Carnegie 337 00:19:38,511 --> 00:19:41,141 and Rockefeller are locking horns directly. 338 00:19:44,308 --> 00:19:48,558 The negotiations last for months and neither man 339 00:19:48,646 --> 00:19:50,436 is willing to give in. 340 00:19:51,148 --> 00:19:52,938 - Negotiating is a real art. 341 00:19:53,734 --> 00:19:56,864 It's an art and a great negotiator, 342 00:19:56,946 --> 00:20:00,066 is like a great surgeon, and the--they're very, very rare. 343 00:20:00,157 --> 00:20:01,577 You don't see it often. 344 00:20:02,493 --> 00:20:05,703 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller has already made a fortune in oil. 345 00:20:05,788 --> 00:20:07,248 His investment in steel 346 00:20:07,331 --> 00:20:09,791 is just a small part of his portfolio. 347 00:20:11,252 --> 00:20:13,592 - CARLY FIORINA: You have to be willing to walk away. 348 00:20:13,671 --> 00:20:15,591 You have to be willing to walk away. 349 00:20:15,673 --> 00:20:19,133 And people who won't walk away from a deal, 350 00:20:19,218 --> 00:20:21,298 in my experience, end up making bad deals. 351 00:20:21,387 --> 00:20:25,847 - NARRATOR: Carnegie knows he has little choice. 352 00:20:28,185 --> 00:20:31,095 In order to stay on top, he needs to do whatever 353 00:20:31,188 --> 00:20:35,438 it takes to keep Rockefeller out of steel. 354 00:20:38,195 --> 00:20:41,025 - CARNEGIE: I will buy the entire output of your mines. 355 00:20:42,575 --> 00:20:46,615 In return, you will renounce your decision 356 00:20:46,704 --> 00:20:48,374 to construct a steel mill. 357 00:20:54,211 --> 00:20:55,551 - ROCKEFELLER: Agreed. 358 00:21:01,552 --> 00:21:03,352 - They both knew that at some point they would have 359 00:21:03,429 --> 00:21:07,179 to reach a deal in which neither got everything he wanted. 360 00:21:07,266 --> 00:21:09,636 But neither got destroyed in the process. 361 00:21:09,727 --> 00:21:12,057 Rockefeller and Carnegie, in the end, 362 00:21:12,146 --> 00:21:15,816 were smart enough to know that they were both 363 00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:19,030 too big to get into a battle. 364 00:21:21,572 --> 00:21:24,162 - NARRATOR: The agreement is one of the most satisfying 365 00:21:24,241 --> 00:21:25,741 of Rockefeller's career. 366 00:21:27,078 --> 00:21:29,498 He's forced his biggest rival to hand over 367 00:21:29,580 --> 00:21:34,830 a fortune in exchange for an iron ore mine he never had 368 00:21:34,919 --> 00:21:37,089 much interest in owning. 369 00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:43,093 Rockefeller may have gotten the better 370 00:21:43,177 --> 00:21:46,967 of Carnegie but their deal has drawn the attention 371 00:21:47,056 --> 00:21:52,056 of another rival who envisions something even bigger. 372 00:21:59,276 --> 00:22:02,736 America has expanded more in the last three decades 373 00:22:02,822 --> 00:22:05,202 than any country on Earth. 374 00:22:06,826 --> 00:22:09,236 Covering the breadth of the continent, 375 00:22:09,328 --> 00:22:11,618 its prosperity is built on oil, 376 00:22:11,706 --> 00:22:14,616 steel and electricity. 377 00:22:17,586 --> 00:22:23,586 John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan 378 00:22:24,802 --> 00:22:27,102 amassed mind-boggling fortunes 379 00:22:28,305 --> 00:22:29,805 and became targets. 380 00:22:30,850 --> 00:22:34,100 But after teaming up to put their man in the White House, 381 00:22:36,731 --> 00:22:39,321 they're now free to do whatever they want. 382 00:22:41,902 --> 00:22:44,572 - Every great business leader I've ever met, 383 00:22:44,655 --> 00:22:47,405 in addition to being very smart, very driven, 384 00:22:47,491 --> 00:22:49,201 they have this "Why not me? 385 00:22:49,285 --> 00:22:51,075 Screw it. I deserve it. Let's go." 386 00:22:51,162 --> 00:22:54,372 And if you don't have that you can't achieve greatness. 387 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:57,250 - NARRATOR: J.P. Morgan 388 00:22:57,334 --> 00:23:00,054 has risen to power by consolidating broken 389 00:23:00,129 --> 00:23:03,009 industries and eliminating competition, 390 00:23:04,508 --> 00:23:06,798 and after Carnegie's deal with Rockefeller, 391 00:23:09,847 --> 00:23:12,637 he sees the potential to apply his model 392 00:23:12,725 --> 00:23:14,475 to the steel business. 393 00:23:15,519 --> 00:23:19,769 - Morgan had much more power than he had wealth 394 00:23:19,857 --> 00:23:24,777 and he understood that he could have more influence 395 00:23:24,862 --> 00:23:27,242 over the economy than Rockefeller, 396 00:23:27,323 --> 00:23:30,663 than Carnegie, than just about anybody else. 397 00:23:31,952 --> 00:23:36,292 And he used this to pursue his vision of the American economy. 398 00:23:38,292 --> 00:23:41,882 - NARRATOR: Morgan's years of deal making have left 399 00:23:41,962 --> 00:23:44,302 him with a controlling interest in companies 400 00:23:44,381 --> 00:23:48,011 ranging from manufacturing, to mining, 401 00:23:48,385 --> 00:23:49,545 to railroads. 402 00:23:50,971 --> 00:23:56,391 One industry brings all those others together--steel. 403 00:24:00,606 --> 00:24:04,936 - J.P. Morgan believes that some individual 404 00:24:05,903 --> 00:24:11,243 has to bring sense and has to bring order to American 405 00:24:11,325 --> 00:24:12,365 capitalism. 406 00:24:14,286 --> 00:24:19,416 Morgan wants to end the cutthroat competition in steel 407 00:24:21,085 --> 00:24:24,415 and the only way to do that is to bring 408 00:24:24,505 --> 00:24:28,795 together the competitors into one new company. 409 00:24:30,219 --> 00:24:33,009 - NARRATOR: If Morgan can consolidate steel, 410 00:24:33,097 --> 00:24:35,427 he could potentially create the largest 411 00:24:35,516 --> 00:24:37,476 corporate empire in the world. 412 00:24:39,353 --> 00:24:41,483 But do to that, J.P. Morgan 413 00:24:41,564 --> 00:24:43,484 will need to pull off his biggest 414 00:24:43,566 --> 00:24:48,396 and most daring move yet-- a complete takeover 415 00:24:48,487 --> 00:24:50,987 ofAndrew Carnegie's empire. 416 00:24:54,201 --> 00:24:56,621 Morgan's timing is impeccable. 417 00:24:57,705 --> 00:25:01,575 Carnegie, after years of bruising battles, 418 00:25:02,626 --> 00:25:04,916 is questioning his future. 419 00:25:11,802 --> 00:25:14,552 - Carnegie knew that as long as he wanted to, 420 00:25:14,638 --> 00:25:18,768 he could continue to reign supreme in steel. 421 00:25:20,102 --> 00:25:22,942 He didn't know that he wanted to keep fighting 422 00:25:23,022 --> 00:25:24,442 for the rest of his life. 423 00:25:26,317 --> 00:25:28,567 - NARRATOR: Morgan knows 424 00:25:28,652 --> 00:25:30,782 he can't go after Carnegie directly. 425 00:25:31,530 --> 00:25:33,110 He needs another way in. 426 00:25:33,991 --> 00:25:36,661 So he sets up a meeting with Carnegie's right-hand 427 00:25:36,744 --> 00:25:38,544 man, Charles Schwab. 428 00:25:47,004 --> 00:25:49,174 - How long have your worked for Carnegie? 429 00:25:49,506 --> 00:25:50,916 - Over 1 5 years. 430 00:25:52,635 --> 00:25:54,505 - I guess he'd hate it if you left. 431 00:25:55,930 --> 00:25:57,350 - No one is indispensable. 432 00:25:58,015 --> 00:25:59,925 - You've doubled profits at Carnegie Steel every 433 00:26:00,017 --> 00:26:01,477 year for the past 5 years. 434 00:26:03,395 --> 00:26:04,845 - Times have been good. 435 00:26:04,939 --> 00:26:06,559 Carnegie is a very easy boss. 436 00:26:07,233 --> 00:26:09,153 - What if you were your own boss? 437 00:26:10,319 --> 00:26:11,319 - Of what? 438 00:26:12,196 --> 00:26:14,156 - I am going to buy Carnegie Steel. 439 00:26:14,865 --> 00:26:17,115 And you are going to be President 440 00:26:17,201 --> 00:26:18,991 of the world's largest company. 441 00:26:20,246 --> 00:26:22,116 - With all due respect, Mr. Morgan, 442 00:26:22,206 --> 00:26:24,616 Carnegie would kill your idea at birth. 443 00:26:25,084 --> 00:26:26,714 Carnegie would never sell. 444 00:26:27,753 --> 00:26:29,423 - Everyone has their price. 445 00:26:30,798 --> 00:26:33,008 You just have to find out what it is. 446 00:26:50,526 --> 00:26:51,356 CARNEGIE: Did you know, Charles, 447 00:26:51,443 --> 00:26:53,953 that the game of golf was invented in Scotland? 448 00:26:54,029 --> 00:26:55,029 - I did not. 449 00:26:55,572 --> 00:26:57,702 So, do they treat you like a king when you return 450 00:26:57,783 --> 00:26:58,993 home to Scotland? 451 00:26:59,076 --> 00:27:00,536 - I suppose they do. 452 00:27:02,538 --> 00:27:05,668 - And then you came to America and became a king-- 453 00:27:05,749 --> 00:27:06,869 of industry. 454 00:27:07,751 --> 00:27:09,381 You created your own destiny. 455 00:27:11,255 --> 00:27:13,125 - Destiny is not a matter of chance. 456 00:27:13,215 --> 00:27:14,665 It's a matter of choice. 457 00:27:15,801 --> 00:27:16,761 - Exactly. 458 00:27:18,762 --> 00:27:20,012 Quote from Shakespeare? 459 00:27:20,097 --> 00:27:20,967 - No. 460 00:27:21,557 --> 00:27:23,427 William Jennings Bryan said it. 461 00:27:24,768 --> 00:27:27,518 And we three kings of industry have robbed him 462 00:27:27,604 --> 00:27:28,814 of his destiny. 463 00:27:28,897 --> 00:27:30,437 - Yeah. For the greater good. 464 00:27:30,524 --> 00:27:31,864 To create more wealth. 465 00:27:32,568 --> 00:27:35,488 - Only if that wealth is used for the benefit of mankind. 466 00:27:37,197 --> 00:27:40,277 - You know, if you were to sell Carnegie Steel, 467 00:27:40,367 --> 00:27:43,487 you could spend the rest of your life benefiting mankind. 468 00:27:45,039 --> 00:27:48,419 - Alas, there is not one person in the world 469 00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:50,960 with enough money to buy Carnegie Steel. 470 00:27:52,129 --> 00:27:53,589 - Save J.P. Morgan. 471 00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:00,680 Supposing Morgan did want to buy. 472 00:28:02,431 --> 00:28:04,141 What would be your price? 473 00:28:12,441 --> 00:28:16,281 - Carnegie wasn't gonna do any price haggling with Morgan. 474 00:28:16,653 --> 00:28:19,533 Carnegie writes done four hundred and eighty million 475 00:28:19,615 --> 00:28:21,025 on a piece of paper. 476 00:28:21,450 --> 00:28:24,040 It's the equivalent of four hundred billion today. 477 00:28:24,119 --> 00:28:26,749 More than Gates and Buffet together. 478 00:28:28,082 --> 00:28:29,872 NARRATOR: Carnegie has dared J.P. Morgan 479 00:28:29,958 --> 00:28:32,288 to buy him out for an outrageous price. 480 00:28:34,380 --> 00:28:37,260 A sum that is higher than the entire budget 481 00:28:37,341 --> 00:28:39,471 of the U.S. Federal Government. 482 00:28:47,434 --> 00:28:48,944 - I have a price. 483 00:29:02,491 --> 00:29:04,951 - NARRATOR: America is on the move. 484 00:29:05,035 --> 00:29:07,745 After decades of unprecedented growth, 485 00:29:07,830 --> 00:29:10,210 the country has emerged as one of the leading 486 00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:12,330 industrial powers in the world. 487 00:29:14,628 --> 00:29:18,088 J.P. Morgan has consolidated business for years 488 00:29:18,549 --> 00:29:22,679 and now he's set his sights on Andrew Carnegie's steel empire. 489 00:29:23,804 --> 00:29:28,604 Hoping to take it over and create a monopoly in steel. 490 00:29:30,185 --> 00:29:33,725 But Carnegie has spent a lifetime building his company, 491 00:29:33,814 --> 00:29:35,654 rising from nothing to become 492 00:29:35,732 --> 00:29:38,442 one of the most powerful men in America. 493 00:29:39,403 --> 00:29:43,533 Convincing him to sell will take an astronomical 494 00:29:43,615 --> 00:29:44,865 amount of money. 495 00:29:54,251 --> 00:29:55,711 - I have a price. 496 00:30:05,512 --> 00:30:07,682 - Have Carnegie come and meet me. 497 00:30:10,142 --> 00:30:11,892 Tell him the answer's yes. 498 00:30:28,494 --> 00:30:30,244 - CARNEGIE: I believe that's the earliest 499 00:30:30,329 --> 00:30:32,909 in the day that I've ever drunk champagne. 500 00:30:34,833 --> 00:30:36,713 - Congratulations, Carnegie. 501 00:30:37,169 --> 00:30:39,629 You're now the richest man in the world. 502 00:30:40,756 --> 00:30:42,876 - Would you have said yes, Morgan, 503 00:30:42,966 --> 00:30:45,216 if I had asked for $100 million more? 504 00:30:47,262 --> 00:30:48,762 - Goodbye, Carnegie. 505 00:30:57,648 --> 00:31:01,648 - NARRATOR: For 30 years Andrew Carnegie 506 00:31:01,735 --> 00:31:05,735 has battled John D. Rockefeller for the title 507 00:31:05,822 --> 00:31:07,782 ofAmerica's richest man 508 00:31:09,034 --> 00:31:11,744 and now he's finally surpassed him. 509 00:31:13,705 --> 00:31:16,495 The deal gives Carnegie a personal net worth 510 00:31:16,583 --> 00:31:20,133 of $310 billion dollars in today's money. 511 00:31:21,380 --> 00:31:24,340 The largest private fortune the modern world 512 00:31:24,424 --> 00:31:25,634 has ever seen. 513 00:31:34,851 --> 00:31:39,311 - Initially there is this enormous let down. 514 00:31:40,649 --> 00:31:44,779 He can't quite believe now that he has no connection 515 00:31:44,861 --> 00:31:46,861 with Pittsburgh or his mills. 516 00:31:47,364 --> 00:31:49,574 That there is no Carnegie Steel anymore 517 00:31:49,658 --> 00:31:53,288 and I think it's hard for him to get used to that. 518 00:31:55,247 --> 00:31:59,077 - If somebody accepts the ask too quickly, 519 00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:02,547 then you think there was more room there. 520 00:32:03,046 --> 00:32:05,166 But I never like to look back. 521 00:32:05,799 --> 00:32:07,839 I'm a very forward thinking person 522 00:32:07,926 --> 00:32:11,046 and a very positive thinking person, and the transactions 523 00:32:11,138 --> 00:32:13,848 that I did, or did not do, I very rarely have 524 00:32:13,932 --> 00:32:15,682 any remorse over a situation. 525 00:32:16,268 --> 00:32:17,348 I like to move on. 526 00:32:22,274 --> 00:32:27,194 - NARRATOR: J.P. Morgan calls his new company, U.S. Steel. 527 00:32:27,279 --> 00:32:30,869 It's instantly the biggest corporation in the world. 528 00:32:31,158 --> 00:32:34,198 The first company in history to be worth more 529 00:32:34,286 --> 00:32:38,746 than 1 billion dollars and it will dominate the steel 530 00:32:38,832 --> 00:32:41,422 business for almost 100 years, 531 00:32:41,501 --> 00:32:43,591 virtually unchallenged. 532 00:32:45,464 --> 00:32:47,514 But the creation of U.S. Steel 533 00:32:47,591 --> 00:32:51,261 is only possible in this new era of unchecked monopolies. 534 00:32:53,263 --> 00:32:56,273 An era Morgan helped create when he and his rivals 535 00:32:56,350 --> 00:32:58,680 put their President in the White House. 536 00:33:06,109 --> 00:33:08,439 They may have helped to buy the President, 537 00:33:08,528 --> 00:33:11,158 but they can't avoid politics forever. 538 00:33:12,199 --> 00:33:13,909 Their power over the nation's biggest 539 00:33:13,992 --> 00:33:16,292 industries soon catches the attention 540 00:33:16,370 --> 00:33:20,460 of an emerging politician, Theodore Roosevelt. 541 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:26,710 - Roosevelt was the kind of figure that had to dominate, 542 00:33:26,797 --> 00:33:29,007 had to, in a sense, own the room. 543 00:33:35,681 --> 00:33:38,931 - NARRATOR: Roosevelt is from a wealthy New York 544 00:33:39,017 --> 00:33:41,977 family and could have become a businessman like 545 00:33:42,062 --> 00:33:46,232 Carnegie or Rockefeller, but he took a different path. 546 00:33:47,359 --> 00:33:51,449 Foregoing a career in business for one in politics. 547 00:33:53,949 --> 00:33:56,779 But the young Roosevelt had an image problem. 548 00:33:57,202 --> 00:34:00,292 His fancy clothes and upper class demeanor 549 00:34:00,372 --> 00:34:02,162 left him open to ridicule. 550 00:34:04,042 --> 00:34:06,672 He took great pains to remake his image 551 00:34:08,004 --> 00:34:11,054 posing in a New York City photography studio dressed 552 00:34:11,133 --> 00:34:15,473 as a Badlands hunter with a $500 engraved silver 553 00:34:15,554 --> 00:34:17,814 hunting knife from Tiffany's. 554 00:34:18,473 --> 00:34:21,563 The images help Roosevelt transform himself 555 00:34:21,643 --> 00:34:24,853 from a wealthy New York aristocrat into a man 556 00:34:24,938 --> 00:34:26,188 of the people. 557 00:34:26,857 --> 00:34:29,017 And, as Roosevelt enlists in the army, 558 00:34:30,026 --> 00:34:32,776 the image he manufactured becomes real. 559 00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:36,530 - HW BRANDS: Theodore Roosevelt became a hero 560 00:34:36,616 --> 00:34:38,526 during the Spanish-American war. 561 00:34:39,369 --> 00:34:42,329 And the republican boss of New York state 562 00:34:42,414 --> 00:34:44,964 said to Theodore Roosevelt, "you're my boy." 563 00:34:45,041 --> 00:34:48,001 Got him the Republican nomination and by virtue 564 00:34:48,086 --> 00:34:51,546 of his heroism became New York Governor. 565 00:34:52,799 --> 00:34:54,799 Roosevelt quickly demonstrated 566 00:34:54,885 --> 00:34:56,545 an independent streak. 567 00:34:56,636 --> 00:34:59,386 Roosevelt could not be manipulated at all. 568 00:35:01,057 --> 00:35:03,017 - NARRATOR: As Governor of New York, 569 00:35:03,101 --> 00:35:06,401 Roosevelt passes laws clamping down on big business. 570 00:35:08,565 --> 00:35:10,015 His biggest targets are 571 00:35:10,108 --> 00:35:12,398 the nation's most powerful monopolies 572 00:35:14,279 --> 00:35:16,449 and the men behind them. 573 00:35:18,492 --> 00:35:22,242 But Rockefeller and Morgan know they can't buy Roosevelt 574 00:35:23,622 --> 00:35:26,542 so they set out to make him as weak as possible. 575 00:35:28,919 --> 00:35:31,799 - One way to figure out how to keep Roosevelt 576 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:34,920 from becoming a major figure at the national level 577 00:35:35,342 --> 00:35:37,382 is to make him Vice President. 578 00:35:37,469 --> 00:35:40,599 Because the Vice President doesn't really have much to do. 579 00:35:42,015 --> 00:35:44,675 - NARRATOR: Heading into a new election year 580 00:35:44,768 --> 00:35:46,848 it's a rematch of 1896. 581 00:35:47,562 --> 00:35:50,022 McKinley versus William Jennings Bryan. 582 00:35:50,607 --> 00:35:52,937 Through a series of backroom deals, 583 00:35:53,026 --> 00:35:55,236 some of the nation's richest and most powerful 584 00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:58,610 men convince McKinley to put Roosevelt on the ticket. 585 00:35:59,324 --> 00:36:01,124 - The vice presidency, in those days, 586 00:36:01,201 --> 00:36:04,251 was a place where people went to disappear. 587 00:36:04,329 --> 00:36:05,449 They became vice president, 588 00:36:05,539 --> 00:36:06,749 were never heard from again. 589 00:36:06,832 --> 00:36:09,462 It was almost like a modern witness protection program. 590 00:36:11,586 --> 00:36:13,246 - NARRATOR: McKinley is re-elected 591 00:36:13,338 --> 00:36:17,838 by a comfortable margin and Roosevelt is sworn in 592 00:36:17,926 --> 00:36:19,586 as Vice President. 593 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:24,310 With their man still in the White House 594 00:36:24,391 --> 00:36:27,061 and their nemesis in a powerless position, 595 00:36:29,437 --> 00:36:31,017 Rockefeller and Morgan think 596 00:36:31,106 --> 00:36:33,146 they have protected their empires. 597 00:36:34,985 --> 00:36:36,735 But their clever ploy 598 00:36:39,155 --> 00:36:40,315 may backfire. 599 00:36:50,375 --> 00:36:53,955 President William McKinley is re-elected to a second term 600 00:36:55,213 --> 00:36:58,263 and Aspiring trust buster Theodore Roosevelt 601 00:36:58,341 --> 00:37:00,341 is installed as Vice President. 602 00:37:00,844 --> 00:37:03,724 A clever play to silence his influence. 603 00:37:04,890 --> 00:37:07,770 With McKinley in office for another four years, 604 00:37:07,851 --> 00:37:09,941 John Rockefeller and J.P. Morgan 605 00:37:10,020 --> 00:37:12,690 have the freedom to expand their empires 606 00:37:12,772 --> 00:37:14,522 to unprecedented heights. 607 00:37:17,193 --> 00:37:21,033 In September of 1901 President McKinley travels 608 00:37:21,114 --> 00:37:25,284 to Buffalo to give a speech heralding America's prosperity. 609 00:37:26,995 --> 00:37:29,535 But that prosperity hasn't reached everyone. 610 00:37:30,415 --> 00:37:35,245 Many are still struggling to survive and they're fed up 611 00:37:35,337 --> 00:37:38,797 with McKinley's close relationship with big business. 612 00:37:51,394 --> 00:37:54,614 Leon Czolgosz is a former factory worker 613 00:37:57,233 --> 00:38:00,073 who recently lost his job at a company J.P. Morgan 614 00:38:00,153 --> 00:38:04,033 took over during the creation of U.S. Steel. 615 00:38:06,701 --> 00:38:10,041 As Czolgosz struggled, he took refuge 616 00:38:10,121 --> 00:38:12,411 in the growing anarchist movement. 617 00:38:13,959 --> 00:38:16,169 He became convinced that the Government is helping 618 00:38:16,252 --> 00:38:18,002 the rich exploit the poor 619 00:38:20,298 --> 00:38:23,258 and he's determined to put an end to it. 620 00:38:59,629 --> 00:39:00,919 - (gun fires) 621 00:39:06,094 --> 00:39:08,764 - NARRATOR: Eight days after the shooting, 622 00:39:08,847 --> 00:39:13,597 William McKinley succumbs to his injuries becoming 623 00:39:13,685 --> 00:39:17,345 the third American President to be killed in office. 624 00:39:20,817 --> 00:39:23,147 For America's most powerful men, 625 00:39:23,236 --> 00:39:25,396 it's the worst case scenario. 626 00:39:25,488 --> 00:39:29,278 An assassin's bullet has robbed them of their president, 627 00:39:29,367 --> 00:39:31,947 a man they spent millions to get elected 628 00:39:33,038 --> 00:39:36,578 and with his death their worst enemy comes to power. 629 00:39:39,377 --> 00:39:41,627 Teddy Roosevelt is about to become 630 00:39:41,713 --> 00:39:43,713 the leader of the free world. 631 00:39:58,772 --> 00:40:01,612 - Mr. Roosevelt. Very good to meet you, Sir. 632 00:40:02,150 --> 00:40:05,490 - The plan of having Roosevelt buried, 633 00:40:05,570 --> 00:40:07,530 in effect, in the vice presidency completely 634 00:40:07,614 --> 00:40:09,994 backfired because who could've predicted 635 00:40:10,075 --> 00:40:11,195 what would happen? 636 00:40:11,284 --> 00:40:12,794 And what would happen so quickly 637 00:40:12,869 --> 00:40:14,999 after the election of the 1900. 638 00:40:15,080 --> 00:40:18,120 - Theodore Roosevelt, raise your right hand. 639 00:40:18,208 --> 00:40:21,628 Do you, Theodore Roosevelt solemnly swear that you 640 00:40:21,711 --> 00:40:24,051 will faithfully execute the office 641 00:40:24,130 --> 00:40:26,800 of President of the United States. 642 00:40:27,801 --> 00:40:29,891 And to the best of your ability, 643 00:40:29,969 --> 00:40:32,639 preserve, protect and defend 644 00:40:32,722 --> 00:40:36,232 the constitution of the United States. 645 00:40:36,309 --> 00:40:38,979 - ROOSEVELT: And thus, I swear! 646 00:40:41,606 --> 00:40:43,606 Now. Let's get started. 647 00:40:44,943 --> 00:40:46,243 - Started. Yes. 648 00:40:47,445 --> 00:40:50,985 - Roosevelt insisted that the big capitalists 649 00:40:51,074 --> 00:40:54,374 recognize that they were mere capitalists. 650 00:40:54,452 --> 00:40:56,872 And that the elected officials of the country, 651 00:40:56,955 --> 00:40:59,615 were the ones that the people had chosen. 652 00:40:59,707 --> 00:41:02,877 Nobody elected J.P. Morgan to anything. 653 00:41:04,129 --> 00:41:06,669 Nobody elected John D. Rockefeller to anything. 654 00:41:07,465 --> 00:41:10,425 But the people had, well, indirectly elected 655 00:41:10,510 --> 00:41:12,050 Theodore Roosevelt President and he was going 656 00:41:12,137 --> 00:41:13,347 to make the most of it. 657 00:41:17,183 --> 00:41:19,273 - Roosevelt quickly launches a campaign 658 00:41:19,352 --> 00:41:24,572 against the nation's largest trusts and his first target 659 00:41:24,649 --> 00:41:28,779 is a railroad conglomerate owned by J.P. Morgan. 660 00:41:29,988 --> 00:41:32,358 - Morgan demanded to see the President. 661 00:41:32,448 --> 00:41:34,868 So he stormed down from New York to Washington, 662 00:41:34,951 --> 00:41:36,371 went into the White House. 663 00:41:36,452 --> 00:41:38,412 And he said, I don't understand, he said, 664 00:41:38,496 --> 00:41:41,286 if we got a problem, send your man to my man 665 00:41:41,374 --> 00:41:42,714 and they'll fix it up. 666 00:41:42,792 --> 00:41:43,962 And Roosevelt said, 667 00:41:44,043 --> 00:41:46,423 "This is exactly the problem with Morgan. 668 00:41:46,504 --> 00:41:50,594 He acts as though I'm just a rival boss or something." 669 00:41:50,675 --> 00:41:53,675 And Morgan, who thought that he could manipulate 670 00:41:53,761 --> 00:41:55,931 Roosevelt, discovered that Roosevelt could not be 671 00:41:56,014 --> 00:41:57,394 manipulated at all. 672 00:41:58,141 --> 00:42:01,441 - NARRATOR: Roosevelt refuses to back down from Morgan. 673 00:42:01,519 --> 00:42:03,979 He sues his company in Federal court. 674 00:42:04,898 --> 00:42:07,228 The first Government anti-trust case 675 00:42:07,317 --> 00:42:09,227 filed against a major corporation. 676 00:42:11,863 --> 00:42:15,203 Roosevelt goes on to win and Morgan's railroad 677 00:42:15,283 --> 00:42:17,163 monopoly is broken up. 678 00:42:19,370 --> 00:42:22,080 It's a stunning setback for J.P. Morgan. 679 00:42:22,165 --> 00:42:24,705 One he'll agonize over for years 680 00:42:29,714 --> 00:42:33,684 and it's a sign of things to come for his fellow Titans. 681 00:42:34,886 --> 00:42:37,296 Roosevelt is elected to a second term 682 00:42:37,388 --> 00:42:39,468 and over the course of his administration, 683 00:42:39,557 --> 00:42:41,927 he files suit against dozens of trusts. 684 00:42:43,603 --> 00:42:45,983 It's a time of great change for the nation. 685 00:42:47,273 --> 00:42:50,573 J.P. Morgan, John Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie 686 00:42:51,069 --> 00:42:54,489 suddenly find Themselves as members of an old guard. 687 00:42:55,615 --> 00:42:58,985 Aging Titans forced to defend their fading empires. 688 00:43:03,081 --> 00:43:04,791 But as other monopolies fall, 689 00:43:05,667 --> 00:43:07,877 one target refuses to go down. 690 00:43:09,796 --> 00:43:12,166 John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil 691 00:43:12,257 --> 00:43:13,627 had managed to hold off 692 00:43:13,716 --> 00:43:16,046 a break up over multiple administrations. 693 00:43:17,262 --> 00:43:20,852 But Rockefeller won't be able to hide forever. 694 00:43:26,145 --> 00:43:28,145 - Standard Oil got the reputation 695 00:43:28,231 --> 00:43:30,481 as the most hated company in America. 696 00:43:31,276 --> 00:43:36,736 It became literally the symbol for big business evils. 697 00:43:38,157 --> 00:43:41,487 It was an example of big businesses getting 698 00:43:41,577 --> 00:43:45,157 way too much power and nothing, or no one, 699 00:43:45,248 --> 00:43:46,788 available to restrain them. 700 00:43:47,375 --> 00:43:49,245 - NARRATOR: The Government files Suit against 701 00:43:49,335 --> 00:43:52,165 Standard Oil--in what promises to be the biggest 702 00:43:52,255 --> 00:43:54,875 anti-trust case of all time-- 703 00:43:57,176 --> 00:44:00,046 and the Government is hoping their lead witness 704 00:44:00,138 --> 00:44:02,678 will be John D. Rockefeller himself. 705 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:09,560 The feds issue a subpoena and Rockefeller goes on the run. 706 00:44:10,982 --> 00:44:14,282 From California, to Maine, to Key West... 707 00:44:14,610 --> 00:44:16,450 The most powerful man in America 708 00:44:17,655 --> 00:44:19,695 has become a fugitive from justice. 709 00:44:20,742 --> 00:44:22,952 - He went all over the country to escape 710 00:44:23,036 --> 00:44:25,366 being served subpoenas. 711 00:44:25,455 --> 00:44:28,325 You know, he was constantly running from the law. 712 00:44:29,375 --> 00:44:32,745 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller avoids the subpoenas for months. 713 00:44:32,837 --> 00:44:34,627 But life intervenes. 714 00:44:41,721 --> 00:44:44,641 His son, John Jnr., and his wife welcome 715 00:44:44,724 --> 00:44:47,484 the first Rockefeller grandson into the world. 716 00:44:49,062 --> 00:44:51,022 Still on the run from the subpoena, 717 00:44:51,105 --> 00:44:54,105 Rockefeller is unable to travel to see his grandchild 718 00:44:55,318 --> 00:44:57,488 and the absence is unbearable. 719 00:44:58,696 --> 00:45:00,816 - DEVIL BILL: I'm only here for one day. 720 00:45:00,907 --> 00:45:03,827 Once I'm gone I am gone and I may not be back. 721 00:45:07,705 --> 00:45:09,115 - NARRATOR: Rockefeller knows 722 00:45:09,207 --> 00:45:11,457 what it's like to be abandoned... 723 00:45:11,542 --> 00:45:14,002 - DEVIL BILL: Never trust anybody son. 724 00:45:15,505 --> 00:45:16,585 Not even me. 725 00:45:20,593 --> 00:45:22,763 - NARRATOR: And he's not going to let this case 726 00:45:22,845 --> 00:45:24,345 tear his family apart. 727 00:45:28,476 --> 00:45:32,646 He turns himself in agreeing to testify in court 728 00:45:32,730 --> 00:45:36,480 in defense of Standard Oil and in defense 729 00:45:36,567 --> 00:45:40,567 of an entire way of business he helped create. 730 00:45:47,161 --> 00:45:49,831 - NARRATOR: America has emerged onto the world stage 731 00:45:50,790 --> 00:45:52,960 rebuilt over the past five decades 732 00:45:53,918 --> 00:45:58,508 by John Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan. 733 00:46:00,758 --> 00:46:02,838 They've reigned uncontested for years. 734 00:46:05,638 --> 00:46:08,348 Only now the government is cracking down 735 00:46:08,432 --> 00:46:10,852 on big business in a big way. 736 00:46:13,646 --> 00:46:16,516 - (Blues Saraceno playing "Save My Soul") 737 00:46:27,702 --> 00:46:29,702 ♪ When I got to Memphis ♪ 738 00:46:30,830 --> 00:46:32,540 ♪ I put my old baby down ♪ 739 00:46:33,624 --> 00:46:36,844 ♪ He said I can't take you to Heaven ♪ 740 00:46:38,671 --> 00:46:40,591 ♪ I can't save your soul ♪ 741 00:46:41,966 --> 00:46:43,586 ♪ I can't promise forever ♪ 742 00:46:44,635 --> 00:46:45,635 ♪ Whoo ♪ 743 00:46:46,637 --> 00:46:49,427 ♪ With my heart in your hands ♪ 744 00:46:50,725 --> 00:46:54,725 ♪ I can't feel, fell my soul ♪ 745 00:47:08,284 --> 00:47:10,954 - NARRATOR: The case will be the biggest challenge 746 00:47:11,037 --> 00:47:12,117 of Rockefeller's life. 747 00:47:17,043 --> 00:47:19,633 A fight that will determine the future of the country. 748 00:47:22,381 --> 00:47:24,721 As Rockefeller is forced to defend the company 749 00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:26,680 he built from nothing 750 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:31,140 into one of the most powerful 751 00:47:31,224 --> 00:47:32,774 corporation's on earth. 752 00:47:33,726 --> 00:47:35,976 - Buy now. Buy everything. 753 00:47:37,605 --> 00:47:38,605 Buy the whole company. 754 00:47:43,194 --> 00:47:45,034 - (people murmuring) 755 00:47:45,446 --> 00:47:46,606 - It's Rockefeller. 756 00:48:23,109 --> 00:48:25,739 - The United States versus Standard Oil. 757 00:48:26,404 --> 00:48:28,034 This hearing is now in session. 758 00:48:29,490 --> 00:48:30,660 Please state your name. 759 00:48:31,826 --> 00:48:33,486 - John Rockefeller. 760 00:48:33,911 --> 00:48:37,001 - Mr. Rockefeller, can you tell the court 761 00:48:37,081 --> 00:48:39,751 how in just one year, in 1872, 762 00:48:40,793 --> 00:48:43,213 you acquired all the refineries in Cleveland? 763 00:48:51,637 --> 00:48:52,597 - I don't remember. 764 00:48:52,680 --> 00:48:53,970 - (gasps) - (people murmuring) 765 00:48:54,056 --> 00:48:55,676 - It was 36 years ago. 766 00:48:56,767 --> 00:48:59,517 - You used intimidation to wipe out the competition, 767 00:48:59,603 --> 00:49:00,853 did you not? 768 00:49:00,938 --> 00:49:03,568 I mean, so ruthlessly that it became known 769 00:49:03,649 --> 00:49:05,229 as the Cleveland massacre. 770 00:49:06,277 --> 00:49:08,027 - I don't remember any massacre. 771 00:49:08,112 --> 00:49:09,862 - (people murmuring) 772 00:49:11,240 --> 00:49:14,410 - Are you aware of payments made by Standard 773 00:49:14,493 --> 00:49:19,583 Oil to a Senator, $15,000 to block a bill 774 00:49:19,665 --> 00:49:21,825 hostile to Standard Oil? 775 00:49:23,878 --> 00:49:25,168 - I don't remember. 776 00:49:25,254 --> 00:49:27,884 - We have a list of bribes made by Standard Oil 777 00:49:27,965 --> 00:49:30,675 to politicians between 1903... 778 00:49:30,760 --> 00:49:32,390 - I stepped down as Chief Executive 779 00:49:32,470 --> 00:49:34,350 of Standard Oil in 1902. 780 00:49:35,348 --> 00:49:37,518 I can't answer for any incidents that occurred 781 00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:38,480 after that date. 782 00:49:38,559 --> 00:49:40,559 - You are still President of Standard Oil, 783 00:49:40,644 --> 00:49:41,774 are you not? 784 00:49:41,854 --> 00:49:43,444 - It's an honorary title. 785 00:49:43,522 --> 00:49:46,402 Much like that of President of the United States. 786 00:49:46,484 --> 00:49:47,614 - (laughter) 787 00:49:47,693 --> 00:49:52,323 - Can I remind you Mr. Rockefeller of the seriousness 788 00:49:52,406 --> 00:49:54,446 of the charges brought against you. 789 00:49:57,119 --> 00:49:59,409 - NARRATOR: As John Rockefeller fights to keep 790 00:49:59,497 --> 00:50:04,287 his monopoly intact a new generation of businessmen 791 00:50:04,377 --> 00:50:08,337 is facing a new set of challenges as they struggle 792 00:50:08,422 --> 00:50:10,632 to get their companies off the ground. 793 00:50:12,134 --> 00:50:14,344 - I have set out to build the best motor car 794 00:50:14,428 --> 00:50:15,678 for popular use. 795 00:50:16,389 --> 00:50:19,809 The Ford motor car is durable and light, 796 00:50:19,892 --> 00:50:21,892 weighing only 1,000lbs. 797 00:50:22,603 --> 00:50:25,943 It has a four cylinder engine and is capable 798 00:50:26,023 --> 00:50:28,023 of speeds up to 45 miles an hour. 799 00:50:29,151 --> 00:50:33,861 It is priced at $900 compared to $1 500 800 00:50:33,948 --> 00:50:35,818 for the average licensed car. 801 00:50:35,908 --> 00:50:38,698 Which makes it the first car 802 00:50:38,786 --> 00:50:40,866 affordable for the common man. 803 00:50:42,415 --> 00:50:44,785 - NARRATOR: Young entrepreneur Henry Ford 804 00:50:44,875 --> 00:50:46,835 has created a new kind of car. 805 00:50:47,211 --> 00:50:49,501 But in order to sell it he needs to get permission 806 00:50:49,588 --> 00:50:52,008 from the association of licensed automobile 807 00:50:52,091 --> 00:50:55,511 manufacturers, also known as ALAM. 808 00:50:57,972 --> 00:51:02,062 ALAM owns the patent on the automobile giving them 809 00:51:02,143 --> 00:51:05,353 complete control over who can manufacture and sell cars. 810 00:51:06,439 --> 00:51:09,109 They are, in a sense, a giant car monopoly 811 00:51:10,901 --> 00:51:13,991 and Ford's future now rests in their hands. 812 00:51:14,071 --> 00:51:15,451 - ALAM: Thank you Mr. Ford. 813 00:51:15,531 --> 00:51:16,661 We'll be in touch. 814 00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:18,870 - Thank you, gentleman. 815 00:51:21,495 --> 00:51:23,075 - NARRATOR: Ford is hopeful he'll be approved 816 00:51:23,164 --> 00:51:27,044 by ALAM, allowing him to start his own business 817 00:51:27,126 --> 00:51:29,706 and to pursue his dream for the future 818 00:51:29,795 --> 00:51:31,335 of the car industry. 819 00:51:31,422 --> 00:51:33,762 - When Ford entered the automobile business 820 00:51:33,841 --> 00:51:36,891 people didn't drive their own cars, they had drivers. 821 00:51:36,969 --> 00:51:40,009 And so cars were seen as this luxury item. 822 00:51:40,097 --> 00:51:44,847 Ford's insight was that cars could be an every day item. 823 00:51:45,436 --> 00:51:49,056 They could be very utilitarian so that it was 824 00:51:49,148 --> 00:51:51,978 within the reach of ordinary people. 825 00:51:53,903 --> 00:51:56,783 - NARRATOR: Ford has spent years developing his car 826 00:51:56,864 --> 00:51:57,994 for the common man. 827 00:51:58,574 --> 00:52:02,204 He builds his first model at the age of 33 and calls 828 00:52:02,286 --> 00:52:03,746 it the quadricyle. 829 00:52:05,206 --> 00:52:07,916 But the vehicle is expensive to produce 830 00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:09,540 and prone to breaking down. 831 00:52:12,087 --> 00:52:15,757 Ford's second attempt-- Model A--is much more suited 832 00:52:15,841 --> 00:52:17,341 to the needs of modern America. 833 00:52:21,222 --> 00:52:25,432 But he can't begin selling it without permission from ALAM. 834 00:52:28,562 --> 00:52:31,692 - ALAM was successful in blackmailing 835 00:52:31,774 --> 00:52:34,984 other automobile companies saying, 836 00:52:35,069 --> 00:52:37,989 "you have to be licensed by us or we will sue you. 837 00:52:38,072 --> 00:52:39,612 And we own this patent." 838 00:52:42,368 --> 00:52:44,408 - NARRATOR: After months of deliberation the ALAM 839 00:52:44,495 --> 00:52:46,115 board reaches its decision. 840 00:52:53,254 --> 00:52:56,054 Henry Ford's application is rejected. 841 00:52:57,466 --> 00:52:59,086 It's a crushing blow. 842 00:52:59,760 --> 00:53:02,390 The auto cartel has stopped him in his tracks. 843 00:53:03,847 --> 00:53:07,267 But Henry Ford is determined to show the world 844 00:53:07,351 --> 00:53:10,231 that to succeed in America all you need 845 00:53:10,312 --> 00:53:12,732 is integrity and ingenuity. 846 00:53:19,738 --> 00:53:22,948 The next generation of businessmen is on the rise. 847 00:53:24,702 --> 00:53:27,662 Henry Ford is battling a powerful cartel 848 00:53:27,746 --> 00:53:29,996 for the right to make a car he believes in. 849 00:53:31,458 --> 00:53:33,838 The Association of Licensed Automobiles 850 00:53:33,919 --> 00:53:36,839 manufacturers owns the patent on the automobile 851 00:53:38,215 --> 00:53:40,875 and budding car makers like Henry Ford need 852 00:53:40,968 --> 00:53:42,718 its permission to sell cars. 853 00:53:46,307 --> 00:53:50,597 After being rejected by ALAM, Ford is left with few options 854 00:54:01,155 --> 00:54:03,525 but he isn't about to give up on his dreams. 855 00:54:05,909 --> 00:54:09,699 - Ford thought that the whole thing was ridiculous. 856 00:54:09,788 --> 00:54:13,418 That there could not be a patent on the idea of the automobile. 857 00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:15,920 That the automobile was not the property 858 00:54:16,003 --> 00:54:17,633 of one single individual. 859 00:54:19,548 --> 00:54:21,668 - NARRATOR: Ford is determined to get around 860 00:54:21,759 --> 00:54:24,049 ALAM'S stranglehold on the auto industry. 861 00:54:25,137 --> 00:54:29,137 But he's just one man going up against a virtual monopoly. 862 00:54:30,559 --> 00:54:32,729 If he's going to be a success, without ALAM, 863 00:54:34,563 --> 00:54:37,573 he's going to need to make a name for himself. 864 00:54:37,650 --> 00:54:39,690 - It's a very simple thing on the make or break 865 00:54:39,777 --> 00:54:42,777 decision: it's the gut and that's what separates 866 00:54:42,863 --> 00:54:44,993 the great leaders and the great successes. 867 00:54:45,074 --> 00:54:46,784 And if you can't listen to it and you don't have it, 868 00:54:46,867 --> 00:54:48,327 you're never gonna get it 'cause it's never gonna come 869 00:54:48,410 --> 00:54:49,450 from someplace else. 870 00:54:57,836 --> 00:55:00,416 - NARRATOR: Henry Ford challenges the owner 871 00:55:00,506 --> 00:55:03,046 of the biggest car company in the country to a race. 872 00:55:07,554 --> 00:55:10,564 Alexander Winton is also known as the fastest 873 00:55:10,641 --> 00:55:14,271 driver in America and a prominent member ofALAM. 874 00:55:17,856 --> 00:55:20,936 Beating Winton with a car of his own design has the potential 875 00:55:21,026 --> 00:55:23,436 to give Ford the boost he needs to start 876 00:55:23,529 --> 00:55:24,779 his own company. 877 00:55:27,241 --> 00:55:28,951 There's just one problem, 878 00:55:29,743 --> 00:55:32,123 Henry Ford had never raced a care before. 879 00:55:34,415 --> 00:55:36,785 - It's a David and Goliath scene. 880 00:55:36,875 --> 00:55:38,915 Winton's famous, world record holder, 881 00:55:39,002 --> 00:55:40,672 has this fancy race car. 882 00:55:40,754 --> 00:55:42,804 Ford, the local boy made good. 883 00:56:58,540 --> 00:57:01,830 - NARRATOR: Henry Ford's upset win over the fastest man 884 00:57:01,919 --> 00:57:05,129 in America makes him instantly famous. 885 00:57:06,882 --> 00:57:10,802 - Ford's a hero and this is really the first big time, 886 00:57:10,886 --> 00:57:13,596 I think, that he becomes a celebrity. 887 00:57:13,680 --> 00:57:16,890 The Ford name gets out there and he milks it 888 00:57:16,975 --> 00:57:18,805 for everything that it's worth, 889 00:57:18,894 --> 00:57:21,444 and it was a very crucial part of Ford 890 00:57:21,522 --> 00:57:23,982 getting investors for the Ford Motor Company. 891 00:57:26,026 --> 00:57:30,606 - NARRATOR: Ford raises $28,000--or $700,000 today. 892 00:57:30,697 --> 00:57:34,527 Enough money to build his first factory in Highland Park, 893 00:57:34,618 --> 00:57:40,208 Michigan and before long he's producing 1 5 cars a day, 894 00:57:42,292 --> 00:57:45,132 priced low enough for almost any American. 895 00:57:48,715 --> 00:57:50,715 - When it finally does break through, 896 00:57:50,801 --> 00:57:53,721 it is sort of gratifying because you--you're 897 00:57:53,804 --> 00:57:57,064 starting to see the reality of what you always believe. 898 00:57:57,140 --> 00:57:59,560 That--that the vision you had that someday the world 899 00:57:59,643 --> 00:58:01,943 would be different is starting to move in that direction. 900 00:58:03,730 --> 00:58:07,320 - NARRATOR: Henry Ford's early success puts him on the map. 901 00:58:09,736 --> 00:58:14,196 But ALAM takes notice and hits him with a lawsuit 902 00:58:15,409 --> 00:58:18,239 claiming he's breaching their patent on the automobile. 903 00:58:19,621 --> 00:58:22,121 - You see all these huge conglomerations 904 00:58:22,207 --> 00:58:24,287 suing people over patents. 905 00:58:24,376 --> 00:58:26,706 The big guys are taking advantage of the little guys, 906 00:58:26,795 --> 00:58:29,005 trying to find whatever angle they could 907 00:58:29,089 --> 00:58:30,509 and using their might. 908 00:58:30,591 --> 00:58:32,681 And those with the best tricksters win. 909 00:58:37,055 --> 00:58:40,425 - NARRATOR: While Henry Ford prepares to bring 910 00:58:40,517 --> 00:58:43,267 his fight for the little guy to a Detroit court, 911 00:58:47,900 --> 00:58:50,230 the trial to bring down Standard Oil 912 00:58:50,319 --> 00:58:51,939 is starting to get ugly. 913 00:58:54,698 --> 00:58:57,368 - Mr. Rockefeller, we have evidence that you placed 914 00:58:57,451 --> 00:59:00,161 several refineries out of business. 915 00:59:02,205 --> 00:59:03,655 - Not to my knowledge. 916 00:59:04,583 --> 00:59:07,673 - Do you accept that Standard Oil has enjoyed 917 00:59:07,753 --> 00:59:10,673 profitability higher than most industries? 918 00:59:13,008 --> 00:59:16,428 - Our profitability is no higher than that of US Steel. 919 00:59:17,930 --> 00:59:19,260 I haven't heard of anyone attempting 920 00:59:19,348 --> 00:59:20,968 to break up U.S. Steel. 921 00:59:23,060 --> 00:59:26,020 - NARRATOR: While Rockefeller is fighting 922 00:59:26,104 --> 00:59:27,404 to save his company, 923 00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:33,320 J.P. Morgan has been able to keep his steel monopoly 924 00:59:33,403 --> 00:59:35,203 of the government's hit list. 925 00:59:37,866 --> 00:59:40,526 He's used his power and influence to broker 926 00:59:40,619 --> 00:59:45,159 a number of deals for the nation applying the might 927 00:59:45,248 --> 00:59:47,878 of U.S. Steel to strengthen the country's infrastructure. 928 00:59:51,254 --> 00:59:54,764 But Morgan's biggest deal is just getting started 929 00:59:54,841 --> 00:59:56,301 in Central America. 930 00:59:59,054 --> 01:00:02,104 For years, attempts have been made to build a canal 931 01:00:02,182 --> 01:00:04,352 linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 932 01:00:06,687 --> 01:00:09,517 Such a canal would cut East to West travel time 933 01:00:09,606 --> 01:00:13,606 in half saving ships over 8,000 miles per trip. 934 01:00:16,071 --> 01:00:20,531 But no one's had the power to make it happen, until now. 935 01:00:23,537 --> 01:00:26,787 J.P. Morgan acts as the middle man for the government 936 01:00:26,873 --> 01:00:30,463 and raises $40 million dollars - OR $7 billion today-- 937 01:00:30,544 --> 01:00:32,004 to get the project started. 938 01:00:36,466 --> 01:00:39,136 The Panama Canal is the most ambitious 939 01:00:39,219 --> 01:00:42,429 construction project the United States has ever undertaken. 940 01:00:44,516 --> 01:00:47,936 Over 75,000 workers labor in brutal heat, 941 01:00:48,437 --> 01:00:50,017 fighting off deadly diseases, 942 01:00:52,107 --> 01:00:56,487 digging a canal 51 miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 943 01:01:09,583 --> 01:01:13,093 - To assemble the manpower, the material, 944 01:01:13,170 --> 01:01:15,920 and the finances; to cut a swath through the middle 945 01:01:16,006 --> 01:01:19,046 of Panama and join the Atlantic Ocean with the 946 01:01:19,134 --> 01:01:22,434 Pacific Ocean--only an industrially sophisticated 947 01:01:22,512 --> 01:01:23,722 nation could do that. 948 01:01:25,265 --> 01:01:27,515 - NARRATOR: The Panama Canal embodies everything 949 01:01:27,601 --> 01:01:30,351 that makes America the most powerful country on the planet. 950 01:01:32,939 --> 01:01:35,569 Built on steel, powered by electricity 951 01:01:36,485 --> 01:01:37,815 and running on gasoline. 952 01:01:40,906 --> 01:01:43,986 And it's all made possible due to the financial might 953 01:01:44,076 --> 01:01:46,446 of one of the country's most powerful men. 954 01:01:51,708 --> 01:01:54,588 But the age of the monopoly is still on trial 955 01:01:56,588 --> 01:01:59,218 and the unchallenged power the Titans have used 956 01:01:59,299 --> 01:02:03,509 to amass their empires is not going to last forever. 957 01:02:12,145 --> 01:02:15,265 Decades of unprecedented growth have transformed 958 01:02:15,357 --> 01:02:17,527 America into an industrial super power. 959 01:02:20,612 --> 01:02:22,702 The change has been driven by some of the largest 960 01:02:22,781 --> 01:02:24,821 companies the world has ever seen: 961 01:02:26,493 --> 01:02:27,493 U.S. Steel, 962 01:02:30,580 --> 01:02:33,710 Standard Oil and General Electric. 963 01:02:36,670 --> 01:02:38,590 But it also comes with a cost. 964 01:02:40,090 --> 01:02:42,720 Workers are outraged over dangerous conditions 965 01:02:42,801 --> 01:02:44,721 at factories across the country. 966 01:02:44,803 --> 01:02:47,053 - Nobody will break us! Nobody! 967 01:02:48,765 --> 01:02:50,975 - NARRATOR: And the gap between the rich and the poor 968 01:02:51,059 --> 01:02:52,979 is bigger than it's ever been. 969 01:02:53,895 --> 01:02:56,895 Many are convinced that America's largest companies 970 01:02:56,982 --> 01:02:58,612 are holding the country back. 971 01:02:59,317 --> 01:03:02,027 The age of monopoly is under threat. 972 01:03:03,446 --> 01:03:05,156 - I hate monopolists. 973 01:03:05,240 --> 01:03:07,530 I fought monopolists all my life. 974 01:03:07,617 --> 01:03:10,447 I always wanted an even playing field, 975 01:03:10,537 --> 01:03:13,577 but I had to fight for an even playing field for myself. 976 01:03:20,881 --> 01:03:25,011 - NARRATOR: Over a 40 year career John Rockefeller 977 01:03:25,093 --> 01:03:28,183 used innovation and ingenuity to create 978 01:03:28,263 --> 01:03:31,473 a corporate empire unlike any the world has ever seen. 979 01:03:34,936 --> 01:03:36,896 But he was also notoriously ruthless 980 01:03:38,773 --> 01:03:41,153 and many believe he went too far. 981 01:03:42,861 --> 01:03:44,781 For John D. Rockefeller, 982 01:03:44,863 --> 01:03:47,913 judgment day is here in what's become 983 01:03:47,991 --> 01:03:52,791 the trial of the century: The People versus Standard Oil. 984 01:03:56,833 --> 01:03:59,503 - The picture painted of Standard Oil 985 01:03:59,586 --> 01:04:00,666 is a depressing one. 986 01:04:01,671 --> 01:04:05,721 No trust in the history ofAmerica has been 987 01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,140 so destructive in its pursuit of profit. 988 01:04:11,348 --> 01:04:15,598 Time and time again we have heard how Standard Oil 989 01:04:15,685 --> 01:04:18,145 has used secret kickbacks from the 990 01:04:18,230 --> 01:04:22,400 railroads, been routinely engaged in predatory 991 01:04:22,484 --> 01:04:27,914 pricing, used intimidation and exclusive sales 992 01:04:27,989 --> 01:04:31,739 territories to put refineries out of business. 993 01:04:34,663 --> 01:04:38,583 For over thirty years, Standard Oil has been 994 01:04:38,667 --> 01:04:43,997 on a mission to crush its competition and establish 995 01:04:44,089 --> 01:04:48,759 itself as a monopoly to hoist up the price of kerosene. 996 01:04:52,597 --> 01:04:57,097 Mr. Rockefeller, before the court renders its decision, 997 01:04:58,979 --> 01:05:00,899 do you have anything you wish to say? 998 01:05:10,240 --> 01:05:14,700 - When I came into the oil industry, there was chaos. 999 01:05:16,121 --> 01:05:17,371 I brought order. 1000 01:05:18,456 --> 01:05:21,786 I took a second rate, inefficient market 1001 01:05:21,876 --> 01:05:23,336 and built an industry. 1002 01:05:25,297 --> 01:05:27,547 It was done the way it was because that's the way 1003 01:05:27,632 --> 01:05:28,762 it had to be done. 1004 01:05:30,510 --> 01:05:34,430 No one complained when I brought light into every home. 1005 01:05:35,473 --> 01:05:38,813 No one complained when I provided thousands ofjobs, 1006 01:05:38,893 --> 01:05:40,813 or millions of dollars from exports. 1007 01:05:42,022 --> 01:05:44,772 Oil is what this country runs on. 1008 01:05:47,777 --> 01:05:53,027 You call it monopoly, I call it enterprise. 1009 01:05:53,491 --> 01:05:57,041 - (people murmuring) 1010 01:05:57,120 --> 01:06:01,500 - Now, you tell me, why am I here? 1011 01:06:04,044 --> 01:06:07,054 - (gavel bangs) - (people murmuring) 1012 01:06:12,093 --> 01:06:14,683 - NARRATOR: As the court adjourns to deliberate 1013 01:06:16,181 --> 01:06:18,851 Rockefeller can only await his company's fate. 1014 01:06:29,361 --> 01:06:33,611 Hundreds of miles away a new kind of businessman, 1015 01:06:33,698 --> 01:06:35,908 Henry Ford, also waits. 1016 01:06:38,119 --> 01:06:40,999 A panel of federal judges will decide whether Ford 1017 01:06:41,081 --> 01:06:43,211 can continue to freely manufacture 1018 01:06:43,291 --> 01:06:45,331 and sell his model A car. 1019 01:06:48,213 --> 01:06:50,263 The association of licensed automobile 1020 01:06:50,340 --> 01:06:53,220 manufacturers is suing Ford for a royalty on 1021 01:06:53,301 --> 01:06:54,801 every car he sells. 1022 01:07:00,266 --> 01:07:03,136 Ford knows those royalties would drive up the cost 1023 01:07:03,228 --> 01:07:05,808 of his car putting it out of the reach 1024 01:07:05,897 --> 01:07:07,397 for the average consumer. 1025 01:07:08,817 --> 01:07:11,437 For most early car makers, the lawsuit would be 1026 01:07:11,528 --> 01:07:15,778 a devastating setback, but for Ford it's something 1027 01:07:15,865 --> 01:07:18,115 different--an opportunity. 1028 01:07:18,993 --> 01:07:21,043 - People react to failure in one of two ways. 1029 01:07:21,121 --> 01:07:24,331 Either they get scared and give up. 1030 01:07:25,083 --> 01:07:28,593 Or they take that failure that--as a learning 1031 01:07:28,670 --> 01:07:31,050 experience and they kind of use that experience 1032 01:07:31,131 --> 01:07:33,341 to redouble their efforts. 1033 01:07:36,636 --> 01:07:39,046 - Ford is convinced the era of unchecked 1034 01:07:39,139 --> 01:07:40,389 monopolies is over. 1035 01:07:41,724 --> 01:07:44,694 So as his lawsuit winds its way through court 1036 01:07:45,437 --> 01:07:48,897 he openly defies the order from ALAM and continues 1037 01:07:48,982 --> 01:07:50,822 building and selling his cars. 1038 01:07:53,236 --> 01:07:55,526 He believes there's a better way to conduct 1039 01:07:55,613 --> 01:07:58,283 business in America and he's determined 1040 01:07:58,366 --> 01:07:59,946 to make it a reality. 1041 01:08:01,661 --> 01:08:04,251 - Henry Ford was able to position himself 1042 01:08:04,330 --> 01:08:07,920 as an anti-monopolist, really in a certain way, 1043 01:08:08,001 --> 01:08:10,921 as a kind of antithesis of the Rockefellers 1044 01:08:11,004 --> 01:08:12,424 and the Carnegies. 1045 01:08:12,505 --> 01:08:16,005 He is a kind of heroic individual entrepreneur, 1046 01:08:16,092 --> 01:08:18,142 who believed in competition, 1047 01:08:18,219 --> 01:08:20,349 who believed in developing a product 1048 01:08:20,430 --> 01:08:22,310 and bringing it to the people. 1049 01:08:22,390 --> 01:08:24,890 - NARRATOR: Ford begins paying his workers 1050 01:08:24,976 --> 01:08:27,306 a livable wage, $5 per day, 1051 01:08:29,397 --> 01:08:32,107 more than double the rate of most U.S. factories. 1052 01:08:34,819 --> 01:08:37,819 But Ford isn't just paying his workers better, 1053 01:08:37,906 --> 01:08:39,946 he's also getting more out of them. 1054 01:08:41,659 --> 01:08:44,329 He innovates a new system for producing cars. 1055 01:08:45,413 --> 01:08:48,043 Rather than hand crafting each car one at a time, 1056 01:08:49,250 --> 01:08:51,540 his are assembled by a line of workers, 1057 01:08:51,628 --> 01:08:52,958 piece by piece. 1058 01:08:54,088 --> 01:08:56,008 It's called the assembly line 1059 01:08:57,467 --> 01:08:59,887 and it completely changes manufacturing forever. 1060 01:09:02,722 --> 01:09:05,852 - Ford didn't invent mass production. 1061 01:09:06,809 --> 01:09:09,189 But he perfected mass production. 1062 01:09:09,270 --> 01:09:11,860 He understood that a complicated product 1063 01:09:11,940 --> 01:09:16,780 like an automobile could be simplified and could be 1064 01:09:16,861 --> 01:09:20,661 made less expensive if the same thing was produced 1065 01:09:20,740 --> 01:09:22,280 again and again and again. 1066 01:09:26,120 --> 01:09:27,700 - NARRATOR: Using the assembly line, 1067 01:09:27,789 --> 01:09:30,459 Ford workers can build cars up to 8 times faster 1068 01:09:30,542 --> 01:09:33,172 than any other automobile factory in the world. 1069 01:09:35,672 --> 01:09:38,092 What once took 12 hours to assemble, 1070 01:09:38,174 --> 01:09:40,054 now takes an hour and a half. 1071 01:09:41,427 --> 01:09:43,887 The innovation allows Ford to standardize 1072 01:09:43,972 --> 01:09:45,312 the 8-hour workday, 1073 01:09:46,891 --> 01:09:48,141 5 days per week. 1074 01:09:51,980 --> 01:09:54,020 But for Ford to continue to innovate, 1075 01:09:54,107 --> 01:09:55,857 he'll need to win his lawsuit. 1076 01:09:57,777 --> 01:10:00,067 His fate, like John Rockefeller's, 1077 01:10:00,154 --> 01:10:02,324 now rests in the hands of a federal court. 1078 01:10:04,659 --> 01:10:07,539 Henry Ford and John D. Rockefeller 1079 01:10:07,620 --> 01:10:09,450 are two American icons, 1080 01:10:10,123 --> 01:10:11,333 from different generations, 1081 01:10:14,419 --> 01:10:17,129 on opposing sides of battle for the country's future. 1082 01:10:20,133 --> 01:10:23,513 As the verdicts come in, American business 1083 01:10:23,595 --> 01:10:25,175 will never be the same. 1084 01:10:32,604 --> 01:10:36,194 America is becoming the most powerful nation on earth. 1085 01:10:36,733 --> 01:10:39,653 Transformed from a post-civil war wasteland 1086 01:10:39,736 --> 01:10:41,066 into a budding superpower 1087 01:10:43,990 --> 01:10:45,700 by a group of visionaries 1088 01:10:45,783 --> 01:10:49,873 who battled the impossible to build unimaginable 1089 01:10:49,954 --> 01:10:54,334 empires that have brought the country into the 20th century. 1090 01:10:56,586 --> 01:10:58,496 - With all the great entrepreneurs, 1091 01:10:58,588 --> 01:11:00,548 it was a mix of believing in an idea, 1092 01:11:00,632 --> 01:11:02,802 but they also recognized that they had to do 1093 01:11:02,884 --> 01:11:05,144 some things to take that idea and make it real. 1094 01:11:13,728 --> 01:11:16,098 - NARRATOR: After decades of doing whatever it took 1095 01:11:16,189 --> 01:11:17,979 to crush the competition, 1096 01:11:19,359 --> 01:11:22,899 John D. Rockefeller is fighting to save the company he built 1097 01:11:22,987 --> 01:11:25,237 from nothing into one of the largest 1098 01:11:25,323 --> 01:11:27,913 and most dominating corporations on the planet. 1099 01:11:29,577 --> 01:11:32,617 - Big business is a dangerous thing 1100 01:11:32,705 --> 01:11:35,665 in the eyes of many because of the power it wields. 1101 01:11:38,127 --> 01:11:40,667 - JUDGE: The U.S. government Versus Standard Oil. 1102 01:11:41,673 --> 01:11:44,263 - NARRATOR: The biggest anti-trust trial 1103 01:11:44,342 --> 01:11:46,552 of all time is about to reach a verdict. 1104 01:11:49,389 --> 01:11:52,269 444 witnesses have taken the stand, 1105 01:11:53,267 --> 01:11:56,227 12,000 pages of testimony have been recorded, 1106 01:11:56,312 --> 01:11:59,062 but in the end it all comes down 1107 01:11:59,148 --> 01:12:00,978 to the testimony of one man. 1108 01:12:02,610 --> 01:12:04,990 ROCKEFELLER: You call it monopoly, 1109 01:12:05,071 --> 01:12:06,701 I call it enterprise. 1110 01:12:08,366 --> 01:12:10,366 - NARRATOR: John Rockefeller has done 1111 01:12:10,451 --> 01:12:13,081 all he can to keep his monopoly intact, 1112 01:12:15,957 --> 01:12:18,957 but the fate of Standard Oil is out of his control. 1113 01:12:22,714 --> 01:12:25,804 JUDGE: In the case of the United States against 1114 01:12:25,883 --> 01:12:28,683 the Standard Oil Company, this hearing 1115 01:12:28,761 --> 01:12:30,551 has reached a decision. 1116 01:12:33,808 --> 01:12:37,728 This court determines against the Standard Oil Trust 1117 01:12:37,812 --> 01:12:41,822 on account of its unreasonable business practices, 1118 01:12:41,899 --> 01:12:46,109 which are in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. 1119 01:12:46,988 --> 01:12:48,358 The Standard Oil Trust 1120 01:12:50,908 --> 01:12:53,028 must be broken up within six months. 1121 01:12:53,828 --> 01:12:57,038 - (gavel bangs) - (people murmuring) 1122 01:13:04,046 --> 01:13:06,256 - (people talking) 1123 01:13:12,221 --> 01:13:14,971 - REPORTER: Is this the end of Standard Oil? 1124 01:13:19,020 --> 01:13:21,100 - NARRATOR: John Rockefeller's Standard Oil 1125 01:13:21,189 --> 01:13:23,059 is completely dismantled, 1126 01:13:25,568 --> 01:13:28,398 broken up into 34 smaller companies. 1127 01:13:29,614 --> 01:13:32,374 The age of the monopoly is over. 1128 01:13:39,373 --> 01:13:41,833 The takedown of Standard Oil bodes well 1129 01:13:41,918 --> 01:13:45,088 for the rising guard of a new generation of businessman-- 1130 01:13:47,215 --> 01:13:49,165 most of all Henry Ford. 1131 01:13:52,887 --> 01:13:55,217 Ford awaits the future of his company. 1132 01:13:56,265 --> 01:13:59,095 After the powerful auto Cartel, ALAM, 1133 01:13:59,185 --> 01:14:01,305 charged him with breaching their patent 1134 01:14:01,395 --> 01:14:05,185 on the automobile and tried to shut him down. 1135 01:14:07,985 --> 01:14:10,605 It's a potentially life-changing moment 1136 01:14:11,280 --> 01:14:14,320 not just for Ford, but for the future 1137 01:14:14,408 --> 01:14:16,238 of every industry in the country. 1138 01:14:20,039 --> 01:14:23,419 In a surprise decision, the court rules 1139 01:14:23,501 --> 01:14:25,341 in favor of Henry Ford. 1140 01:14:28,840 --> 01:14:32,220 ALAM has no legal claim to the design of the car. 1141 01:14:34,971 --> 01:14:39,471 Henry Ford is free to innovate without repercussion. 1142 01:14:39,976 --> 01:14:41,386 - Well, guys, that was it. 1143 01:14:41,477 --> 01:14:42,977 Let's go sell some cars. 1144 01:14:45,606 --> 01:14:48,476 - NARRATOR: Ford's dream is made a reality. 1145 01:14:48,568 --> 01:14:50,858 The car belongs to everyone. 1146 01:14:52,530 --> 01:14:55,700 - Ford's success put him forward in American life 1147 01:14:55,783 --> 01:14:59,163 as a new kind of businessman but, 1148 01:14:59,245 --> 01:15:03,245 in crucial ways, unlike Rockefeller or Carnegie 1149 01:15:03,332 --> 01:15:06,292 he wasn't trying to gain a monopoly. 1150 01:15:06,377 --> 01:15:09,087 He was trying to bring a product to the people. 1151 01:15:09,171 --> 01:15:11,801 The American population ate this up and they made 1152 01:15:11,883 --> 01:15:14,133 Henry Ford a kind of folk hero. 1153 01:15:16,637 --> 01:15:19,217 - NARRATOR: Ford seizes the momentum 1154 01:15:19,307 --> 01:15:21,887 and his factories go into overdrive. 1155 01:15:22,768 --> 01:15:25,308 His assembly lines starts producing a revolutionary 1156 01:15:25,396 --> 01:15:26,976 new car at a record rate. 1157 01:15:27,982 --> 01:15:33,402 It's called the Model T and it costs only $825. 1158 01:15:35,072 --> 01:15:39,412 For the first time, a car the common man can afford. 1159 01:15:42,955 --> 01:15:46,325 - Henry Ford created what became the most important 1160 01:15:46,417 --> 01:15:48,587 industry in the American economy. 1161 01:15:49,337 --> 01:15:52,417 He had no idea of the enormous impact it would 1162 01:15:52,506 --> 01:15:55,046 have on almost every sector ofAmerican life. 1163 01:15:56,844 --> 01:16:00,934 He literally changed America, the way we live, 1164 01:16:01,015 --> 01:16:05,435 the way we do things, and the way we go about our business. 1165 01:16:07,313 --> 01:16:10,443 Ford's reputation won't always be so positive, 1166 01:16:11,901 --> 01:16:14,781 but his revolution inspires an entire generation 1167 01:16:14,862 --> 01:16:17,072 of visionaries who will transform 1168 01:16:17,156 --> 01:16:18,986 the fabric ofAmerican life. 1169 01:16:21,744 --> 01:16:25,164 Childhood friends William Harley and Arthur Davidson 1170 01:16:25,247 --> 01:16:28,667 attach an engine to a bicycle and begin selling 1171 01:16:28,751 --> 01:16:30,501 motorcycles to the masses. 1172 01:16:33,714 --> 01:16:36,554 Milton Hershey applies Henry Ford's assembly line 1173 01:16:36,634 --> 01:16:39,474 model to the mass production of chocolate. 1174 01:16:42,723 --> 01:16:44,813 Chicago merchant, William Wrigley 1175 01:16:44,892 --> 01:16:47,062 takes his chewing gum national 1176 01:16:50,231 --> 01:16:51,611 and in Hollywood, 1177 01:16:51,691 --> 01:16:53,861 Polish immigrant, Max Factor, 1178 01:16:53,943 --> 01:16:56,863 begins distributing cosmetics for movie stars 1179 01:16:56,946 --> 01:16:59,856 to drug stores across the country inventing 1180 01:16:59,949 --> 01:17:03,329 a completely new consumer product--make-up. 1181 01:17:04,954 --> 01:17:07,754 This new breed of businessman is doing 1182 01:17:07,832 --> 01:17:09,332 things a different way. 1183 01:17:11,794 --> 01:17:13,964 They're creating products for the masses, 1184 01:17:15,172 --> 01:17:17,972 while paying their employees a livable wage. 1185 01:17:19,301 --> 01:17:21,301 With safe working conditions 1186 01:17:21,387 --> 01:17:23,847 and a standard 40-hour work week. 1187 01:17:26,475 --> 01:17:30,015 The era of Rockefeller, Carnegie and Morgan looks 1188 01:17:30,104 --> 01:17:31,944 like it may have come to an end. 1189 01:17:35,026 --> 01:17:37,736 But America's three most powerful men 1190 01:17:37,820 --> 01:17:40,030 are just as relevant as ever before. 1191 01:17:51,292 --> 01:17:53,252 Standard Oil gasoline stations 1192 01:17:53,335 --> 01:17:57,375 appear across the country fueling Henry Ford's cars, 1193 01:18:03,596 --> 01:18:06,006 cars that are built using Carnegie's steel 1194 01:18:08,100 --> 01:18:11,020 in factories powered by J.P. Morgan's electricity. 1195 01:18:14,523 --> 01:18:16,613 The new breed of businessman may be doing 1196 01:18:16,692 --> 01:18:18,942 things different from their predecessors 1197 01:18:19,028 --> 01:18:21,738 but their innovations wouldn't be possible without 1198 01:18:21,822 --> 01:18:26,032 the groundwork laid by men like Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1199 01:18:27,495 --> 01:18:29,995 Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 1200 01:18:31,665 --> 01:18:33,575 and John D. Rockefeller. 1201 01:18:36,212 --> 01:18:39,012 The result is broad prosperity shared 1202 01:18:39,090 --> 01:18:42,510 throughout the country and perhaps America's greatest 1203 01:18:42,593 --> 01:18:47,183 innovation yet, a thriving and prosperous middle class. 1204 01:18:50,768 --> 01:18:53,768 - The Industrial Revolution created 1205 01:18:53,854 --> 01:18:55,864 the development of the middle class. 1206 01:18:57,775 --> 01:19:01,105 It created wealth that we never 1207 01:19:01,195 --> 01:19:03,275 would've imagined possible before. 1208 01:19:07,952 --> 01:19:09,542 - NARRATOR: John Rockefeller 1209 01:19:09,620 --> 01:19:11,370 may have lost his court case, 1210 01:19:14,834 --> 01:19:18,044 but the smaller companies created from Standard Oil 1211 01:19:18,129 --> 01:19:19,419 will go on to become 1212 01:19:19,505 --> 01:19:22,795 corporate giants with names like Exxon, 1213 01:19:22,883 --> 01:19:24,513 Mobil and Chevron 1214 01:19:26,345 --> 01:19:27,635 and John Rockefeller 1215 01:19:27,721 --> 01:19:29,851 is a shareholder in each new company. 1216 01:19:31,433 --> 01:19:33,023 - It's ironic, isn't it? 1217 01:19:33,102 --> 01:19:36,232 I mean, it's a great moment in American history 1218 01:19:36,313 --> 01:19:38,403 and it established the principle 1219 01:19:38,482 --> 01:19:41,482 that monopolistic practices should not be for the future 1220 01:19:41,569 --> 01:19:43,489 and that sounds really good. 1221 01:19:43,571 --> 01:19:45,531 Except now they were all separate 1222 01:19:45,614 --> 01:19:49,124 and my great grandfather had large amounts of stock 1223 01:19:49,201 --> 01:19:50,081 in every one of them. 1224 01:19:50,161 --> 01:19:52,411 He made more money than he ever made in his life. 1225 01:19:53,956 --> 01:19:56,166 The effect on John D. Rockefeller 1226 01:19:56,250 --> 01:19:58,670 was absolutely blissful from his point of view. 1227 01:20:00,713 --> 01:20:02,053 - NARRATOR: Even in defeat, 1228 01:20:02,131 --> 01:20:04,841 John Rockefeller becomes the richest man in the history 1229 01:20:04,925 --> 01:20:07,335 of the world with a net worth of almost 1230 01:20:07,428 --> 01:20:10,758 $660 billion dollars in today's money. 1231 01:20:15,019 --> 01:20:17,769 With the stranglehold of the monopolies over, 1232 01:20:17,855 --> 01:20:21,475 Americans now realize that anything is possible 1233 01:20:21,567 --> 01:20:23,187 as long as they work together. 1234 01:20:24,570 --> 01:20:27,280 The nation is more powerful than ever 1235 01:20:27,364 --> 01:20:29,574 and that power will soon be needed. 1236 01:20:44,048 --> 01:20:46,718 On a brisk spring morning, two years after 1237 01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:51,470 the breakup of standard oil, John Rockefeller joins 1238 01:20:51,555 --> 01:20:55,175 his old rival Andrew Carnegie to mourn the loss 1239 01:20:55,267 --> 01:20:56,767 of one of their own. 1240 01:21:01,815 --> 01:21:04,685 Less than a month from his 76TH birthday, 1241 01:21:04,777 --> 01:21:06,737 J.P. Morgan dies in his sleep. 1242 01:21:10,491 --> 01:21:13,991 Morgan leaves such a mark on American finance 1243 01:21:14,078 --> 01:21:16,748 that the New York Stock Exchange shuts down, 1244 01:21:18,332 --> 01:21:21,792 an honor normally reserved for the passing of a president. 1245 01:21:24,088 --> 01:21:27,668 - J.P. Morgan certainly was the foremost name in banking 1246 01:21:27,758 --> 01:21:30,008 in terms of creating modern finance... 1247 01:21:30,719 --> 01:21:35,639 and you can't have a modern economy without a modern, 1248 01:21:35,724 --> 01:21:37,984 effective functioning banking system. 1249 01:21:39,478 --> 01:21:44,398 He was as influential as any of the Titans of that day. 1250 01:21:52,324 --> 01:21:54,374 - NARRATOR: While the old rivals once saw each other 1251 01:21:54,451 --> 01:21:56,371 as cutthroat competitors 1252 01:21:59,373 --> 01:22:02,963 now, in their twilight years, the fathers of American business 1253 01:22:03,043 --> 01:22:05,093 have found a mutual respect. 1254 01:22:12,886 --> 01:22:14,676 For Rockefeller and Carnegie, 1255 01:22:14,763 --> 01:22:16,893 Morgan's passing is a reminder-- 1256 01:22:19,059 --> 01:22:20,389 time is running short 1257 01:22:22,104 --> 01:22:24,444 and the realization triggers a new contest. 1258 01:22:26,692 --> 01:22:29,822 No longer is their competition about who makes more money, 1259 01:22:32,656 --> 01:22:36,156 now the question is who can give more away. 1260 01:22:39,163 --> 01:22:41,543 - Andrew Carnegie was the first of the big 1261 01:22:41,623 --> 01:22:43,923 capitalists of this era to be bitten by 1262 01:22:44,001 --> 01:22:46,041 the philanthropy bug. 1263 01:22:47,046 --> 01:22:51,166 He decided that he was going to use his wealth 1264 01:22:51,258 --> 01:22:54,388 to good purpose and he said that a man who dies rich 1265 01:22:54,470 --> 01:22:55,890 dies disgraced. 1266 01:22:56,930 --> 01:22:59,310 - Andrew Carnegie was not a very popular man 1267 01:22:59,391 --> 01:23:03,601 among his millionaire friends because he demanded 1268 01:23:03,687 --> 01:23:07,767 that the millionaire has to give away all of his money. 1269 01:23:09,318 --> 01:23:11,818 - There's nothing wrong with making a lot of money. 1270 01:23:11,904 --> 01:23:15,324 Making money is fun. I enjoy that very much. 1271 01:23:15,407 --> 01:23:18,737 But I enjoy giving away money, even more so. 1272 01:23:20,120 --> 01:23:23,500 - Carnegie gives away more than $350 million dollars 1273 01:23:23,582 --> 01:23:25,582 - $67 billion, today. 1274 01:23:27,461 --> 01:23:30,961 Most goes to education and his favorite cause--libraries. 1275 01:23:32,299 --> 01:23:35,509 As more than 2,500 "Carnegie libraries" 1276 01:23:35,594 --> 01:23:38,604 are built in 49 states and around the world. 1277 01:23:41,266 --> 01:23:44,386 But even in this contest Carnegie will be bested 1278 01:23:44,478 --> 01:23:45,558 by his old rival. 1279 01:23:48,357 --> 01:23:51,607 John Rockefeller will outlive Carnegie by 13 years. 1280 01:23:53,112 --> 01:23:56,282 That time--and his greater worth--allows him 1281 01:23:56,365 --> 01:23:59,235 to give away more money than Carnegie Is ever able to. 1282 01:24:02,663 --> 01:24:06,083 Throughout his life Rockefeller has donated millions-- 1283 01:24:06,166 --> 01:24:08,246 to his church and numerous universities. 1284 01:24:13,841 --> 01:24:17,221 At the age of 73, he creates the Rockefeller 1285 01:24:17,302 --> 01:24:21,512 foundation with a personal endowment of $100 million 1286 01:24:21,598 --> 01:24:25,308 dollars--the equivalent of 38 billion today. 1287 01:24:27,396 --> 01:24:29,766 That money will go on to advance public health 1288 01:24:29,857 --> 01:24:31,937 around the world for decades. 1289 01:24:33,569 --> 01:24:37,409 - My great-grandfather, he went full bore into philanthropy. 1290 01:24:38,282 --> 01:24:42,162 Whether that was a duty under a sort of a Baptist stricture, 1291 01:24:42,244 --> 01:24:44,704 or whether it just came pouring out of him, 1292 01:24:44,788 --> 01:24:46,368 I'm just not sure. 1293 01:24:46,915 --> 01:24:48,615 But it doesn't make any difference, he did it. 1294 01:24:50,043 --> 01:24:51,923 - NARRATOR: John Rockefeller will live to be 1295 01:24:52,004 --> 01:24:57,184 97 years old and gives away more $530 million dollars 1296 01:24:57,259 --> 01:24:58,589 in his lifetime. 1297 01:24:59,511 --> 01:25:03,721 Gifts that, today, would total over 100 billion. 1298 01:25:04,266 --> 01:25:07,186 - I look at Carnegie, I look at what Rockefeller did 1299 01:25:07,269 --> 01:25:09,099 and I revere these people--for the second half 1300 01:25:09,188 --> 01:25:11,478 of their lives-- and they certainly are, 1301 01:25:11,565 --> 01:25:16,025 they're inspirations to people who have managed 1302 01:25:16,111 --> 01:25:18,401 to be able to accumulate some wealth and want to be able 1303 01:25:18,489 --> 01:25:20,909 to say, you know what, I now want to help others. 1304 01:25:23,827 --> 01:25:25,537 - NARRATOR: As the nation heads deeper into 1305 01:25:25,621 --> 01:25:29,171 the 20TH century, millions ofAmericans, 1306 01:25:29,249 --> 01:25:32,379 for the first time ever, are able to take part 1307 01:25:32,461 --> 01:25:33,751 in the American dream, 1308 01:25:34,546 --> 01:25:37,966 employed in well-paid and safe jobs. 1309 01:25:38,675 --> 01:25:41,835 Manufacturing products they themselves can now afford. 1310 01:25:42,763 --> 01:25:46,183 The country is united with a robust economy 1311 01:25:46,266 --> 01:25:48,886 that benefits not just the rich, but everyone. 1312 01:25:52,564 --> 01:25:54,404 It's the beginning of one of the longest periods 1313 01:25:54,483 --> 01:25:56,903 of prosperity America will ever see. 1314 01:25:59,321 --> 01:26:03,201 - It wasn't by accident that the 20th century became, 1315 01:26:03,283 --> 01:26:05,493 you know, the American century. 1316 01:26:05,577 --> 01:26:09,207 America made the greatest strides in terms 1317 01:26:09,289 --> 01:26:12,329 of harnessing these new technologies. 1318 01:26:12,417 --> 01:26:15,627 We simply could out produce any other nation 1319 01:26:15,712 --> 01:26:18,802 in this world by the time the 20th century rolled around. 1320 01:26:18,882 --> 01:26:21,762 And that clearly put us in a position 1321 01:26:21,843 --> 01:26:24,183 to drive the global agenda. 1322 01:26:24,680 --> 01:26:27,100 It was on the back of the Industrial Revolution. 1323 01:26:29,059 --> 01:26:31,849 - NARRATOR: But as World War I breaks out in Europe, 1324 01:26:31,937 --> 01:26:33,557 the world looks for help. 1325 01:26:34,773 --> 01:26:36,443 It looks to America. 1326 01:26:39,778 --> 01:26:43,738 Just 50 years removed from the ashes of the Civil War, 1327 01:26:43,824 --> 01:26:46,414 America has become a global super power. 1328 01:26:48,495 --> 01:26:52,415 By April of 1917, the country enters the war 1329 01:26:52,499 --> 01:26:55,709 sending troops, supplies and weapons. 1330 01:26:59,673 --> 01:27:02,553 Resources that will help bring peace to the world. 1331 01:27:09,933 --> 01:27:12,813 But those resources would have never been possible 1332 01:27:12,894 --> 01:27:15,444 without the contributions of a small group 1333 01:27:15,522 --> 01:27:16,862 of visionary men. 1334 01:27:18,066 --> 01:27:20,186 Men who sparked a revolution 1335 01:27:20,277 --> 01:27:22,357 that forever changed America. 1336 01:27:23,405 --> 01:27:26,195 - America was transformed 1337 01:27:27,576 --> 01:27:29,576 by the vision, 1338 01:27:30,829 --> 01:27:34,869 the incredible hard work and determination, 1339 01:27:34,958 --> 01:27:38,248 and the willingness to take big risks 1340 01:27:38,337 --> 01:27:40,457 that these men display. 1341 01:27:41,340 --> 01:27:44,010 There is also no question that these men 1342 01:27:44,092 --> 01:27:47,722 could not have done what they did anywhere else but America, 1343 01:27:47,804 --> 01:27:52,184 because this place allows more people to dream 1344 01:27:52,267 --> 01:27:54,557 than any other place in the world. 1345 01:27:54,645 --> 01:27:57,605 All that matters is how big do you want to dream 1346 01:27:57,689 --> 01:27:59,359 and how hard do you want to work? 1347 01:28:05,656 --> 01:28:09,116 - NARRATOR: From a broken country into the most powerful 1348 01:28:09,201 --> 01:28:12,291 nation on Earth, they didn't discover 1349 01:28:12,371 --> 01:28:15,871 this modern America, they built it.