Final Exam

1 
The Fourteenth Amendment did all of the following EXCEPT
a. guaranteed former slaves citizenship. 
b. declared former rebels ineligible for federal and state office. 
c. abolished slavery. 
d. voided Confederate debts. 

2 
"Jim Crow" was a term referring to
a. sharecropping. 
b. lynching young black men. 
c. a klan leader. 
d. legalized racial segregation. 

3 
Abraham Lincoln's plan would allow former rebel states to form new governments when
a. all military resistance ceased. 
b. the United States Army was in occupation of the entire state. 
c. 10 percent of the voting population of 1860 had sworn an oath of allegiance. 
d. slave owners had willingly freed their slaves. 

4 
The Compromise of 1877 which secured the election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the Presidency
a. ended Reconstruction with the withdrawal of all remaining federal troops. 
b. guaranteed Southerners would be appointed to the Supreme Court. 
c. brought an end to the use of the "spoils" system. 
d. gave Democrats control of Congress. 

5 
Explanations as to why a powerful agrarian working class political combination never emerged include all of the following EXCEPT
a. employers manipulated racial, ethnic, and religious prejudices among workers to keep them estranged. 
b. different kinds of jobs underwent different processes of mechanization and technological development, making intra-industry organization difficult. 
c. many Americans aspired to enter the affluent middle class and never mentally associated with organized labor. 
d. industrialists and government officials successfully conspired to politically and legally block such combinations. 

6 
The primary source of labor for building the Central Pacific Railroad was
a. former slaves recruited from the war-ravaged South. 
b. immigrants from Scandinavian countries. 
c. Civil War veterans unable to find work back home. 
d. Chinese workers imported from Guandong Province. 

7 
The idea of laissez-faire meant that
a. the government should not interfere in the economy. 
b. limited government regulation would produce a healthy economy. 
c. government should work toward creating a business climate fair to workers. 
d. workers were on their own in dealing with big business. 

8 
Delegates at the Montgomery convention elected __________ as president of the Confederacy.
a. Alexander H. Stephens 
b. John C. Breckinridge 
c. Jefferson Davis 
d. Judah P. Benjamin 

9 
As a result of his impeachment and trial in the Senate, President Johnson
a. was convicted and removed from office. 
b. although acquitted, resigned from office. 
c. essentially withdrew from policy making. 
d. was acquitted and renewed his challenge to congressional Reconstruction. 

10 
The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was organized primarily to help farmers
a. acquire the latest technologies and methods of farming. 
b. deal more effectively with environmental issues and concern. 
c. unite to challenge discriminatory railroad rates. 
d. cope with the stress of living in isolated rural areas. 

11 
In 1894, __________ led a march on Washington, D.C. by thousands of unemployed men to demand relief from the federal government.
a. Eugene V. Debs 
b. Jacob S. Coxey 
c. Samuel Gompers 
d. Terrance Powderly 

12 
With the demise of the Knights of Labor, leadership of the labor organization movement was taken over by the
a. American Federation of Labor. 
b. Congress of Industrial Organization. 
c. International Workers of the World. 
d. United Labor Party. 

13 
The "bloody shirt" issue in politics referred to
a. Western state demands for reprisal against hostile Indians. 
b. Republicans reminding voters that Democrats had favored secession. 
c. Democrats charging the Grant administration with corruption. 
d. efforts to break up organized labor by military force. 

14 
The author of "Progress and Poverty" and advocate of a single tax on property was
a. Henry George. 
b. Samuel Clemens. 
c. Jacob Riis. 
d. Edward Taylor. 

15 
The greatest killer of soldiers in the Civil War was
a. bullets. 
b. disease. 
c. cannon balls. 
d. bayonets. 

16 
President Johnson forced a showdown with Congress when he deliberately violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing
a. Secretary of State William Seward. 
b. General Ulysses S. Grant. 
c. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. 
d. Freedmen's Bureau Director William O. Howard. 

17 
Radical and Moderate Republicans were drawn together by
a. a common desire to punish the South for its rebellion. 
b. outrage over the Southern states' passage of Black Codes. 
c. President Johnson's pardon of Jefferson Davis. 
d. agreement to use federal measures to enhance black peoples' civil rights. 

18 
Congress moved to protect Indian rights with the
a. Pendleton Act. 
b. Edwards Act. 
c. Species Resumption Act. 
d. Dawes Act. 

19 
The Emancipation Proclamation
a. ended slavery throughout the country. 
b. freed slaves in territories still in rebellion. 
c. provided for gradual emancipation within the United States. 
d. freed no slaves directly. 

20 
The nominee for both the Democrats and Populists in the 1896 Presidential Election was
a. James B. Weaver. 
b. Eugene V. Debs. 
c. William Jennings Bryan. 
d. John James Harlan. 

21 
All of the following were examples of the "new" immigrant groups of the 1880s and 1890s EXCEPT
a. Irish fleeing the effects of the potato famine. 
b. Russian Jews fleeing violent anti-Semitism. 
c. landless Italian farmers faced with declining prices and overpopulation. 
d. impoverished Poles oppressed by Russia and Germany. 

22 
All of the following are true of the Freedmen's Bureau EXCEPT
a. it represented a new federal role in social welfare. 
b. the agency lacked resources to effect meaningful change. 
c. Republicans intended it to serve as mediator between freed peoples and southern whites. 
d. each freed family was granted forty acres and provided a mule. 

23 
Confederates believed the key to diplomatic recognition was
a. Great Britain's desire to see the United States paid back for the Revolution. 
b. the French desire to check American expansionism and the Monroe Doctrine. 
c. British and French dependence on the South's cotton. 
d. the South's capital investment in European industries. 

24 
President Cleveland justified the use of federal troops to break the railroad workers' strike by arguing
a. the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. mail. 
b. Anarchists and Socialists were leading the strike. 
c. national security demanded the railroads be kept operating. 
d. the strike threatened the economic well-being of the country. 

25 
The bloodiest battle of the Civil War was
a. Gettysburg. 
b. Antietam. 
c. Vicksburg. 
d. Perryville. 

26 
Marks: 4 
Match the following terms with their definitions.
Northern whites who migrated to the South after the Civil War Southern whites who co-operated with northern Republicans Name used to refer to former slaves Southerners who came back into political power and established conservative state governments 
27 

The winner of the bruising and disputed election of 1876 was
a. Rutherford B. Hayes. 
b. Samuel J. Tilden. 
c. Ulysses S. Grant. 
d. Horace Greeley. 
e. Grover Cleveland 

28 

The coalition of Radical Republicans after the Civil War was led by these two congressmen
a. William Seward and Edwin Stanton. 
b. U.S. Grant and Rutherford Hayes. 
c. Benjamin Wade and William O. Howard. 
d. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens. 
e. Frederick Douglas and Hiram Revels 

29 
The American Federation of Labor experienced some successes (as compared to the Knights of Labor) under the leadership of

a. Edward O'Donnell. 
b. Eugene V. Debs. 
c. Samuel Gompers. 
d. Terence V. Powderly. 
e. Albert Parsons. 

30 


Frederick Winslow Taylor earned a reputation as a leading
a. financier. 
b. lawyer defending gigantic trusts. 
c. engineer. 
d. efficiency expert. 
e. promoter of the Gospel of Wealth. 

31 
Vertical integration is to the control of production of a product as horizontal combination is to control of
a. the market for a product. 
b. the labor force. 
c. the boards and financiers. 
d. all raw materials. 

32 
Which one of these would NOT be in a Granger's list of "thieves in the night" or considered a pitchfork in the farmers' backs?
a. railroads 
b. farm equipment manufacturers 
c. banks 
d. labor unions 

33 
Which one of the following is NOT one of the three groups that made up the fledgling Republican coalition in the postwar South?
a. African Americans 
b. redeemers 
c. carpetbaggers 
d. scalawags 

34 
The violence before and after the Haymarket Square incident was an example of
a. the turmoil in the urban ghettos. 
b. racial tensions between African Americans and new European immigrants. 
c. hostilities that broke out in large crowds at sporting events. 
d. hostility to labor union organizing. 

35 
Southern governments used poll taxes and "grandfather clauses" to
a. limit African-American suffrage. 
b. help poor whites buy land. 
c. protect tenant farmers. 
d. keep all poor people from voting. 

36 
Ironically, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was interpreted by the courts to inhibit growth of THIS GROUP rather than the industrial giants it was meant to control:
a. city political machines 
b. trade unions 
c. research labs 
d. banks 

37 
Which one of the following groups would be the LEAST likely to have many populists in it?
a. farmers 
b. business executives 
c. workers 
d. African Americans 

38 
If you were in favor of soft currency in the 1890s, you would be LEAST likely to support
a. the gold standard. 
b. treasury (paper) notes. 
c. free coinage of silver. 
d. inflated currency. 

39 
Short-term southern assets as the Civil War erupted appeared to include all of the following EXCEPT the
a. defensive nature of the struggle in the South. 
b. militaristic spirit of southern culture. 
c. sizable industrial capacity. 
d. superior military leadership of officers like Robert E. Lee. 

40 
The high casualty rate in the Civil War occurred because of all the following EXCEPT
a. use of massed infantry offensives. 
b. the inaccuracy of field artillery. 
c. ignorance about medical care. 
d. failure to handle health needs of a large army. 

41 
"A rich man's war but a poor man's fight" was a view shared by both
a. poor southern whites and northern urban workers. 
b. southern slaves and northern free blacks. 
c. Radical Republicans and Peace Democrats. 
d. Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. 

42 
Which of the following would a Radical Republican in Congress in 1865 most likely OPPOSE?
a. civil rights and suffrage for freed slaves 
b. a powerful, active federal government 
c. a general amnesty for all Southerners 
d. the transformation of prewar southern society 

43 
Experiences at Homestead, Pennsylvania and Pullman, Illinois, in the 1890's demonstrated to American workers that
a. solidarity across craft lines worked. 
b. striking workers could not persevere in the face of state or federal opposition. 
c. negotiation between workers and owners could result in a satisfactory agreement on both sides. 
d. the use of violence during strikes worked to the striker's advantage. 

44 
According to the video, who among the following is NOT to primarily associated with the steel industry?
a. Henry Clay Frick 
b. Andrew Carnegie 
c. J. P. Morgan 
d. John D. Rockefeller 
e. Charles Schwab. 

45 
Which statement about the defense of capitalism and Social Darwinism is NOT true?
a. Social Darwinism was an ideology which correctly described the realities of the late nineteenth-century American economy. 
b. A major proponent of Social Darwinism was an Englishman, Herbert Spencer. 
c. The Gospel of Wealth touted a less harsh, more positive form of capitalism. 
d. Ideas of Social Darwinism stemmed from Charles Darwin's study of the biological origin of the species. 
e. There were a number detractors of this ideology. 

46 
Which of the following resulted from the other three?
a. vertical integration 
b. horizontal combination 
c. trusts 
d. consolidation of business 

47 
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired or unrelated?
a. Election of 1864 - Lincoln vs. McClellen 
b. Election of 1876 - Ruther"fraud" B. Hayes "wins" 
c. Election of 1896 - McKinley vs. Bryan 
d. Census of 1890 - official "end of the frontier" 
e. all are correctly paired 

48 
Which was NOT one of the three major western industries discussed in class?
a. ranching, both cattle and sheep 
b. commercial farming 
c. iron/steel production 
d. mining, mostly precious metals 
e. all of the above are correct 

49 
Which of the following were NOT, at least at one time or another, enemies of the farmers in 19th Century?
a. weather and pestilence 
b. bankers and the world market 
c. railroads and tariffs 
d. overproduction and a tight federal monetary policy 
e. all of these were enemies at one time or another 

50 
Who/which is NOT a defense of capitalism?
a. Socialist Labor Party & Edward Bellamy - single great trust controlled by the government 
b. Herbert Spencer - survival of the fittest & William Graham Sumner - absolute freedom 
c. Andrew Carnegie - Gospel of Wealth 
d. Horatio Alger - from rags to riches 
e. the Protestant work ethic 

51 
According to the video, Andrew Carnegie's involvement in which labor dispute severely tarnished reputation as a philanthropist?
a. 1877 Great Railroad Strike 
b. 1886 Haymarket Square Riot 
c. 1892 Homestead Strike 
d. 1894 Pullman Strike 
e. 1896 Presidential Election 

52 
Which was NOT one of the demands of the Omaha Platform?
a. government regulation and ownership of the monopolies 
b. free & unlimited coinage of silver 
c. higher tariff and territorial expansion 
d. 8 hour workday & prohibit using private police as strikebreakers 
e. initiative and referendum & single term president 

53 
Which of the following is NOT correctly paired or related?
a. Knights of Labor - Terrence Powderly, union for all workers 
b. American Federation of Labor - Samuel Gompers, skilled workers 
c. The Grange - Oliver Kelly, community and political agitation 
d. The Alliance - Ocala Demands, People's Party, Populism 
e. all are correctly paired or related 

54 
Initially, according to the video, which military advantage did NOT lie with the North?
a. Its population was much larger. 
b. Its transportation system was better. 
c. It was united in its commitment to the war. 
d. Its industrial base was stronger. 

55 
Which is NOT a result of the Civil War and Reconstruction?
a. the formation of the "Solid South" 
b. the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments 
c. increased racism 
d. long term Republican control of the government 
e. all of the above were results 

56 
"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the states wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction." The above quotation is a key clause in the
a. 13th Amendment 
b. 14th Amendment 
c. 15th Amendment 
d. Gettysburg Address 
e. Black Code of South Carolina 

57 
According to your instructor (and his experiences), the late-nineteenth-century opponent of Social Darwinism who correctly advocated for a single tax on land, because its increase in value had little to do with hard work or intelligence, was
a. Edward Bellamy. 
b. Lester Ward. 
c. Henry George. 
d. Horatio Alger 
e. Rutherford Hayes. 

58 
Which was a difference between the "old" and "new" waves of immigrant groups in the mid and late 19th Century?
a. old immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe 
b. newer immigrants resented older immigrants and the increased competition for jobs 
c. new immigrants were largely Protestant in religion 
d. a majority of newer immigrants were unskilled 
e. new immigrants spoke English better than the old immigrants 

59 
The first group of immigrants to be excluded from the U.S. on the basis of their nationality were the
a. Chinese. 
b. Japanese. 
c. Filipinos. 
d. Koreans. 
e. East Indians. 

60 
Which of the following presidents has been impeached?
a. Andrew Johnson 
b. Bill Clinton 
c. Richard Nixon 
d. all of the above 
e. only A and B 

61 
According to your instructor, which of the following children's stories/fairy tales is an allegory to the Populist Moment and the Election of 1896?
a. Grimm's Fairy Tales 
b. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 
c. The Wizard of Oz 
d. Aesop's Fables 
e. The Teletubbies 

62 
What was a major factor that led to the tremendous industrial boom in the years after the Civil War?
a. technological innovations/discoveries/inventions 
b. a large labor supply 
c. a federal government friendly to business and the economy 
d. plenty of natural resources 
e. all of the above 

63 
According to the video, what of the following were NOT considered the South's three best chances to have won the Civil War?
a. to have received official foreign recognition 
b. to have followed up their victory at Manassas and marched onto Washington D.C. 
c. to have Lincoln lose his re-election bid in 1864 and compromise with the new president. 
d. To have been victorious in more battles and taken to practicing an offensive war against the North 

64 
Which of the following statements most reflects the concept behind the "Gospel of Wealth"?
a. Personal achievement is the result of hard work and perseverance, and with wealth comes great responsibilities. 
b. The poor are not poor due to their own shortcomings but rather because of the difficult environment in which they must toil. 
c. The wealth produced by the labor of many belongs to the many. 
d. Virtue is its own best reward. 

65 
In the election of 1876 an unprecedented crisis developed as a result of
a. the assassination of the Democrat nominee. 
b. the indictment of the Republican nominee on the eve of the election. 
c. widespread voter fraud throughout the country. 
d. disputed electoral returns in several states. 

66 

According to this map, very few of the immigrants in the 1880s went to this region of the United States.
a. the South 
b. the Pacific Coast 
c. the Northeast 
d. the Southwest 

67 
Area #3 on the map indicates the initial discovery which became one of the West's major industries during the 19th Century.

a. gold - mining 
b. silver - Treasury Deparment/federal government expansion 
c. longhorn cows - ranching 
d. wheat - farming 
e. none of the above 

68 
On the map, where was the conflict known as Greasy Grass or Little Bighorn, where General George Custer was defeated?

69 
In the video, the Washita Massacre of Native Americans, including many women and children, occurred along a creek (creek not pictured on the map) at this location?  Enter the number in the field below.

70 
In the video, Colorado Volunteers attacked Black Kettle and the Cheyenne Indians at this location in 1864, which became known as the Sand Creek Massacre.  Enter the number in the field below.

71 
In the video, Sioux Chief Big Foot and over 200 others were gunned down at Wounded Knee, in 1890.  Enter the number in the field below.

72 
Which state was a border slave-holding state that seceeded from the Union, yet was one of the first to be reconstructed after the Civil War?  Enter the number in the field below.

73 
This location became the center of the meat-packing industry during the late 19th Century.  It was also home to labor unrest, including the Haymarket Square Riot.  Enter the number in the field below.

74 
In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed, linking the entire United States, East and West.  Locate the route of the railroad and enter the number in the field below.

75 
In the video, steelworkers lost the Homestead Strike to Andrew Carnegie and federal troops at this location.  Enter the number in the field below.

76 
This was one of the trails that eventually led to the establishment of one of the three most prosperous western industries in the mid to late 1800's.  Enter the number of this trail in the field below.

77 
According to the video, which of the following is NOT true of the Battle of Bull Run in 1861?
a. Confederate forces followed up their victory with an assault on Washington, D. C. 
b. United States and Confederate encountered each other in battle for the first time. 
c. Northerners came to realize that suppression of the rebellion would not be easy. 
d. It led the Confederates to abandon a purely defensive strategy. 

78 
According to the video and information presented by your instructor, William Tecumseh Sherman is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
a. He marched through Georgia and burned Atlanta. 
b. He was the Civil War general who said "War is Hell. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over. 
c. He forced Lee to retreat from Gettysburg. 
d. He was the general most associated with the term "Total War". 
e. He is still hated and reviled by some southern people, even to this day. 

79 
Slavery in the United States was abolished by the
a. The Emancipation Proclamation. 
b. Thirteenth Amendment. 
c. Fourteenth Amendment. 
d. Fifteenth Amendment. 
e. Wade-Davis Bill. 

80 
According to the video, at Sand Creek,
a. the worst atrocities of the war were committed. 
b. General Lee finally surrendered his army. 
c. the Confederates made their last stand in defending Atlanta. 
d. the Colorado Militia massacred Cheyenne Indians. 
e. Colonel George Custer and all of his U.S. Cavalrymen lost their lives. 

81 
According to the text and videos, all of the following could be classified as Social Darwinists EXCEPT
a. Herbert Spencer. 
b. Andrew Carnegie. 
c. Edward Bellamy. 
d. William Graham Sumner. 
e. Marshall Field. 

82 
The business practice of consolidating competing producers into a single corporation or trust, in order to control prices and competition, is known as
a. horizontal integration. 
b. vertical integration. 
c. stock watering. 
d. blind trust. 
e. pooling 

83 
The practice in which a single business controls all aspects of production and distribution in a single industry, thereby cutting out the middleman, is known as
a. survival of the fittest 
b. horizontal integration. 
c. vertical integration. 
d. stock watering. 
e. blind trust. 

84 
According to the video, which of the following is true of the Haymarket Square Riot
a. Chicagoans marched in support of a strike by the National Railroad Workers Union. 
b. Innocent labor organizers, socialists, and anarchists were executed by hanging. 
c. Labor successfully demanded an end to industrialists' use of hired detectives. 
d. Meatpackers fought for and successfully received higher wages for the same work. 
e. Industrialists saw their system of capitalism failing for the first time in the face of unions supported by local and federal governments. 

85 
The Grange and the The National Farmer's Alliance called for all the following EXCEPT
a. government ownership of railroads and communication lines. 
b. an expanded currency. 
c. tax reforms. 
d. a national minimum wage. 

86 
According to the video, Wovoka's Ghost Dance found its greatest following among the
a. Plains Indians such as the Cheyenne and Sioux. 
b. Northwest Indians like the Nez Peace. 
c. Southwest such as the Apache. 
d. Texas Commanche. 

87 
The Populist Party platform endorsed at its Omaha convention in 1892 included all of the following EXCEPT
a. free and unlimited coinage of silver. 
b. a graduated income tax to redistribute wealth. 
c. immediate repeal of all tariffs. 
d. adoption of political reforms such as the initiative, "recalls," and referenda. 
e. adoption of political reforms such as direct election of senators and the secret balot. 

88 
According to your instructor and the material covered in this class, the list of American descendants who could rightfully sue on behalf of the discriminatory treatment, both official and not, received by their ancestors is limited to both Native Americans and African Americans.
 True  False 

89 
"Scientific management" was seen to be a way to increase the employees' control of the workplace.
 True  False 

90 
Americans' political party loyalty in the late nineteenth century was grounded in issues of public policy.
 True  False 

91 
Few, if any, of the Populists' proposed political reforms ever became a reality.
 True  False 

92 
The Grange was both a social and a political organization for farmers and their families.
 True  False 

93 
The Civil War was the most lethal conflict in American history.
 True  False 

94 
After Reconstruction, the government turned away from any interference in society or the economy.
 True  False 

95 
According to the video, the Union naval blockade of the South was initially successful but became less so as the Civil War dragged on.
 True  False 

96 
In the video, the Homestead Strike ended in disaster for the workers, with the Homestead factory reducing the work force, lengthening the workday, and cutting wages. There would be no union for the next 45 years.
 True  False 

97 
Black codes were intended to protect freed African-Americans from white hostility.
 True  False