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Joe Escobar: This particular.

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Joe Escobar: meeting and just allow those students who aren't here, to be able to see it because I meant when I said I won't affect your grade negatively, but I have to think that by being here today you'll get these questions, a little more easily than students will who weren't here today.

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Joe Escobar: And, based on the time since I don't know exactly where i'm going to end remember this is Chapter seven, so we do Chapter seven today.

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Joe Escobar: And all of next week so it's a big Chapter I thought I would get this out of the way right from the very beginning, so my thanks here.

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Joe Escobar: To veterans day and, as I told you my letter there you go there's my namesake named after uncle Joe there's Joe Glenn who served in Vietnam, take a.

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Joe Escobar: Look at some of those dates on the pictures way back in 1968 and not only that, but.

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Joe Escobar: Here, he is about the same time period holding on to me as a baby So yes, i'm showing you baby family pictures sort of the then and now so kudos to him on veterans day, thank you for those of you who have served and your family members as well.

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Joe Escobar: If you've watched the Pauline mayor video i've given you the best person I possibly could to explain the origins of the Constitution, not only has she written a book, which is absolutely worth reading, but not something we're going to do in a survey course, such as ours.

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Joe Escobar: notice this article here to just figure out a little bit who she is and what she's about what have we learned from Pauline mayor and this came out again when she passed away in 2013 due to cancer.

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Joe Escobar: But they wrote a nice tribute untimely passing has been celebrated she's been celebrated in for important books, she wrote about the history of the nation's founding so forth.

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Joe Escobar: paulie mayor historian who described Jefferson is overrated.

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Joe Escobar: So I think that's a that's a little interesting twist there right off the BAT.

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Joe Escobar: She deconstructed popular mythologies by reconstructing historical now narratives basing her work exclusively on contemporary news sources.

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Joe Escobar: She had no ideological agenda, other than setting the record straight, but that is no easy feat.

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Joe Escobar: i'm liking what i'm hearing so far about this person that they're not coming in with a certain bias or or other.

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Joe Escobar: And you know, but did she did she move the narrative.

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Joe Escobar: And to determine the narrative now they go back into the study of history and you'll see a couple of examples of that today, but certainly she's moved the narrative for us for me personally and now for you, presenting to.

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Joe Escobar: Her to you in this class she didn't write your textbook she wasn't one of the co authors, but her particular lecture on the the.

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Joe Escobar: The the founding was important you notice that one phrase she kept using doesn't that sound familiar.

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Joe Escobar: doesn't that sound familiar, she said that a couple of times to make the point here that when you look at the constitution of the United States, it borrowed heavily from john Adams Massachusetts state constitution.

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Joe Escobar: So this idea of state constitutions central government, the difference between the two, and the similarities is pretty key.

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Joe Escobar: So in Massachusetts the Constitution was drafted in 1779 and ratified by the people it contained the Bill of Rights we know what the Bill of Rights is.

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Joe Escobar: It had annual elections, thank goodness we don't have elections every single year in this country, that would be a nightmare.

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Joe Escobar: I think it's bad enough with the TV ads the billions of dollars and the the you know talk about waste in the environment, all the flyers and things we get every four years and presidential elections.

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Joe Escobar: So annual elections would have been terrible but that certainly would have made people more accountable to.

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Joe Escobar: Representatives more accountable to the people right if you if you blow it this year Escobar the voters are going to vote, you out next year and vote in somebody else.

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Joe Escobar: there's something positive to be said about that, besides my rant about election year, wastage, in the year 2021.

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Joe Escobar: The House of Representatives was chosen by towns of the population and the Senate was chosen by counties according to property values, not population.

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Joe Escobar: So that's a strange but different way of choosing representatives to your government.

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Joe Escobar: They had a governor elected by the people directly, who had veto power and if he signed something you know it could be overwritten by a two thirds override of the Congress.

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Joe Escobar: All adult free males could vote so they've qualified it they're free males but notice it doesn't necessarily say property holding qualifications are tax pain.

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Joe Escobar: And in order to pass the Massachusetts constitution, they had to vote for each article separately and this turns out to be a key.

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Joe Escobar: When I get in here about these bills in Congress that are 100 pages long, or the obamacare was 2000 pages long.

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Joe Escobar: A nobody read it, and be what if you had a problem with the bottom of page 57 and the top of page 273 and the bottom of page 579 What if those were really significant issues for you that you did not want to vote for.

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Joe Escobar: But when you just cram them all together into one huge monstrous bill you're either vote yes or no that's your only choice and that's not a good way to go, I think you can imagine the problems with that yes.

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Joe Escobar: amity.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Well isn't that someone intentionally done in order to pass things over arching so that way they can kind of work it in because you don't want to.

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Kayamity Ramirez: risk losing the big picture for the little details when they just sneak it in and it's like I feel like a lot of that is done intentionally because they know that they can get it past that way, and they couldn't get it past but there's just been a visual item.

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Joe Escobar: We will you are exactly.

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Joe Escobar: Right and you're stating it from the mindset of our current day right like are they just trying to sneak in something.

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Joe Escobar: Why is there a health care bill and then all of a sudden these still 10 pages of it talk about building a bridge in Minnesota.

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Joe Escobar: And cavities right well they're just sneaking that in they know that hey everybody's going to say yes to healthcare, so we throw whatever pork barrel things we want into the mix, as opposed to.

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Joe Escobar: really should be voted on its own, but we have waste and bureaucracy today and they attempted to not have that in the early founding and, at least in the case of Massachusetts.

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Joe Escobar: what's interesting about the Massachusetts constitution, and what I want to make sure you're not frightened about is we won't have to learn all of the constitution's of each one of the 13 colonies, that would be ridiculous task in and of itself, but I put little stars here little little.

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Joe Escobar: red.

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Joe Escobar: bumps i'll get it back again little red stars next two things that they did in Massachusetts that we ended up doing in the Constitutional Convention.

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Joe Escobar: So what they did in Massachusetts these are things replicated was drafted by convention, not in the same year, ratified by the people there's a bill of rights there's a House of Representatives a senate a governor we call President and all adult females could vote.

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Joe Escobar: And so again when Professor Mayer is saying doesn't that sound familiar.

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Joe Escobar: she's talking about our Constitution which people know a little better than they do the Massachusetts state constitution.

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Joe Escobar: But it comes from these things it comes from precedent and historical example and so to go ahead and to worship the founders, who wrote the Constitution as plucking some magic document out of the air with their wisdom.

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Joe Escobar: You know it's not a it's not a good read of history it's not historically accurate at all, so when you turn to the national government picture.

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Joe Escobar: It was the articles of confederation right prior to the Constitution, it was the articles began in the start of the war, finally ratified, five years later, when the war is coming to a conclusion which I find hilarious.

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Joe Escobar: Even in their own times right they couldn't get things done on a on an expeditious basis it past positive like the land ordinance and Northwest ordinance and Western land claims and fixing state former colony, but state borders, those are things that it did do in my little yellow.

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Joe Escobar: Little plus light little stars plus signs, there are meant to be positives as opposed to negatives, for example, the Northwest ordinance This is something that school children do not learn today that.

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Joe Escobar: You absolutely need to know this is part of the articles of confederation is preceded the constitution of the United States, it authorized the creation of.

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Joe Escobar: three to five States equal to the original 13 so the original colonies would not have some sort of precedent like oh we're the originals you're just added after the fact.

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Joe Escobar: Like like those states would have less laws less power less authority less legitimacy than the original 13.

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Joe Escobar: They knew as a country, they were going to grow and they did so without putting themselves, and we are the mother country and you new states are our colonies and maybe one day, you can grow up to be like us as states the founders didn't like the colonial.

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Joe Escobar: representation that they lived under under the Crown and so they removed it.

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Joe Escobar: that's pretty Gala Terry and right from the very start so kudos on the Northwest ordinance that was not a constitutional thing it rejects colonialism.

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Joe Escobar: And, and only puts states in a temporary territorial fades.

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Joe Escobar: Like Okay, some people moved out there to this place this area called Ohio and as soon as they get this number of people living in that area, then they can get together and make themselves a State, so they only go through a territorial phase, not a colonial phase and how about this one.

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Joe Escobar: First of all, Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves no that's not accurate you don't have to wait until 1863 and the emancipation proclamation.

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Joe Escobar: The Constitution free the slaves, no.

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Joe Escobar: No slavery was prohibited under the articles of confederation a long forgotten document because of its weaknesses, but they prohibited slavery in any of these new territories.

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Joe Escobar: Then you might go ahead and say, well, Joe that's not the whole thing.

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Joe Escobar: If we're in the if we're in the business of all or nothing it's got to be freedom for the entire country or nothing at all.

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Joe Escobar: Then you know, good luck with that these absolutes all or nothing but 13 colonies didn't give up slavery, but they just said, any of these Northwest.

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Joe Escobar: States that would be forum wouldn't have slavery and again to qualify, I would say, some states without slavery, rather than all of them with slavery.

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Joe Escobar: is a step forward, and these from founders, many of whom actually own slaves themselves.

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Joe Escobar: I mean they were smart enough to know that slavery up in Minnesota wasn't like a going to be a regular thing they're not growing tobacco up there, or rice or need slave for a slave crop.

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Joe Escobar: But prohibited slavery, this early and in 1787 so I say take that.

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Joe Escobar: Britain who the British guy and the last British documentary of the American revolution said, we still had slavery in our constitutional convention he's correct.

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Joe Escobar: and Britain beat us country wide Britain did beat the United States to ending slavery.

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Joe Escobar: That is certainly a stain on the American historical record that it took us so long to end slavery officially in 1865 so they beat us by 32 years about a generation.

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Joe Escobar: In Britain but prior to Britain, the United States was already on that path with the Northwest ordinance and indeed all of those States created in those areas did not have legalized slavery.

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Joe Escobar: This country wasn't a full slave nation, from the very founding from the very start, we know that's not true from northern and southern colonies, we now know it's not true, based on the law in the Northwest ordinance of 1787.

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Joe Escobar: But the weaknesses of the article or what really brought it down right they couldn't tax or regulate trade.

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Joe Escobar: And if you can't tax you can't have money you can't do things, so the economic connection here pretty key.

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Joe Escobar: The weakness money could only be requisitioned you can only ask for money and supplies to be provided by the States and you've already heard how.

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Joe Escobar: Not so well that worked out for George Washington his troops never were fully provisioned by the government, who could simply ask.

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Joe Escobar: The large State of Virginia to pay their fair share and the populated State of Massachusetts to pay its fair share and the smaller state of North Carolina or the smaller state, you know of.

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Joe Escobar: Georgia population wise to pay their fair share, which was a smaller amount they couldn't actually get the money they needed, as opposed to today where the money is demanded and enforced by the irs i've already shared that with you.

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Joe Escobar: And they also have this weakness, we got this requiring you unanimous vote for changes to it, meaning you got to get all 13, the only way things passes 13 to zero, just think about it for a moment and say to yourself wow that creates a pretty weak government.

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Joe Escobar: Today you guys realize its majority rule right when Congress passes a bill if more than 50% say yes to it, it passes the House more than 50% say yes foot it passes the Senate, and it goes to the President for signature more than 50% that's a whole lot easier to get than 100%.

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Joe Escobar: Getting 100% of people to agree to anything I think is potentially impossible, so I can see right there I saved the best for last, the most significant weakness of the articles of confederation.

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Joe Escobar: And, of course, the founding fathers knew that that would not be a requirement, it may have seemed equitable at the time, every state got an even vote, and if they didn't all agree, then they didn't have to do it.

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Joe Escobar: But of course that's not a way to govern a country and it creates a week government.

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Joe Escobar: you're going to notice my theme here strong government weak government what causes a strong government what causes or leads to a weaker government.

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Joe Escobar: that's absolutely worth knowing that is a major theme in your final exam but that's a major theme to this very day, but throughout the beginning of our history, what causes the government to be stronger and what makes it weaker.

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Joe Escobar: And then, which political party supports which and then which event AIDS or detracts from that sort of view of strong or weak government that's a pretty important theme that will be.

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Joe Escobar: You should know it, but also it'll be a topic of, say, true and false questions you know, for example, the articles of confederation or a requirement of a unanimous vote made for a strong central government.

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Joe Escobar: And you'd have to say false it's absolutely false requiring unanimous vote makes for a week government they'll never get anything done so that's false.

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Joe Escobar: see it, I mean that's where the the quote unquote trick questions come in, but the strong or weak government pretty important theme in this chapter.

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Joe Escobar: Take, for instance shays rebellion and 1787 I believe it has significance at that time and to this very day.

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Joe Escobar: there's this weird phrase in the textbook that says in Massachusetts shays rebellion converted into nationalists many gentlemen and artists and who until then had opposed the strengthening of the central government.

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Joe Escobar: Right off the BAT we got another example of strong central government week central government and how to play out and shays I just bring to your reread bring to your attention that thing that a Pauline mayor said at the very end of her clip.

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Joe Escobar: A constitution of 1787 did not, however, emerge automatically from state precedence.

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Joe Escobar: And nation that had just build its blood breaking away from one central government was not ready to go out and establish another strong central government five minutes later.

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Joe Escobar: First did adopted articles of confederation, which were a clear step forward when Congress first sent them to the states for adoption they formally bound the state's together in a perpetual union and made a good stab at dividing responsibilities between the States and Congress.

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The articles of confederation, however, put all power in one elected assembly.

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The articles did not allow Congress to raise taxes or lay duties on trade that method couldn't retaliate when other countries closed their markets to American chippers.

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It couldn't stop states from violating the rights of creditors, nor could help Massachusetts in 1786 when the state's hard money policies cause the debtor uprising, known as shays rebellion.

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And meanwhile Britain which had never left its posts and the Northwest was trying to make Vermont part of Canada.

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There wasn't sure good reason to think the country was falling apart, which was very upsetting to men like Washington who'd spent eight hard years fighting for the United States.

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he's old military adjutant new york's Alexander Hamilton or James Madison a short physically unimpressive virginian who was becoming perhaps the nation's greatest expert unconstitutional design.

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Joe Escobar: You gotta love her giving you the straightforward story there and that very end, of course, we get James Madison one drawing of him here's a drawing of him a little bit older.

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Joe Escobar: James madison's the father of the Constitution.

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Joe Escobar: That should be kind of unknown factor, although I find in college classes that's not necessarily known they think that Thomas Jefferson.

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Joe Escobar: wrote the declaration of independence as if that is the governing document of this country does absolutely not but it says in the declaration of independence, so what who cares.

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Joe Escobar: it's this aspirational document written at a time when we were under the articles of confederation that weren't even ratified yet that was simply to break us away from the king.

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Joe Escobar: and fight a revolutionary war, then almost a decade after the war is over we finally get the Constitution, the actual document that governs us.

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Joe Escobar: Do you realize right off the BAT what i'm saying here i'm kind of animated about why people just don't know some of the most simple facts and i'm not talking about jeopardy facts.

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Joe Escobar: Jefferson wrote the declaration of independence so he's some sort of Father is a founding father, but it's James Madison his role during the Constitutional Convention, which was secret, behind closed doors, not open to the press.

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Joe Escobar: Was he sat there with his whatever it was the equivalent of a pad of paper and quill and he wrote down everything everybody said.

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Joe Escobar: You wrote it all down, thank goodness, he was there documenting what was said behind closed doors and writing it down which would eventually become the constitution of the United States, and yet they have this connection to this shays rebellion.

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Joe Escobar: In short, recall it happened in shays rebellion I won't ask for volunteers today with the one recorded session we're doing but but shays rebellion so the war's over.

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Joe Escobar: A lot of people are dead lot of destruction, a lot of money is owed people don't have jobs right if they fought as soldiers, what kind of jobs, so they go back to basically tough economic times.

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Joe Escobar: And the State of Massachusetts says well okay I realize, these are tough economic times we got some bills to pay so let's do this let's raise taxes on people during tough economic times.

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Joe Escobar: Have I clearly made my point to you let's raise taxes during tough economic times, good luck with that.

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Joe Escobar: That reminds me of the video you clip you saw in the first half of the class in the French and Indian war, where the guy said was good for business.

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Joe Escobar: All the money was coming in coming in and coming in, and as soon as the war ended with that Treaty.

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Joe Escobar: Then all of a sudden, they became bad economic times for merchants in New York that war was good for the economy and now that it's ended there's the potential for depression.

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Joe Escobar: We saw that in the end of the French and Indian war and it's happening now in the United States and so Massachusetts figures well let's go ahead and raise taxes at this time.

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Joe Escobar: I would put forth to you that will be the worst thing to do, and you kind of saw that during the coven shutdowns, not only did you see the government not raise taxes.

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Joe Escobar: It raised our debt greatly but they didn't raise taxes they simply went ahead and threw money towards the people.

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Joe Escobar: That is a very opposite way of acting than was done in shays rebellion.

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Joe Escobar: But if I recall correctly, there weren't too many people uprising in the streets with guns and pitchforks and and and flames saying you know, during this government during our tough economic times people losing.

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Joe Escobar: know the government's providing us money funding, you know there's a big difference from them and now.

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Joe Escobar: In this Philadelphia Convention, then that has got this economic backstory to it right, the shays rebellion we got to get our finances in order well.

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Joe Escobar: James madison's taken notes, of course, the large states had the large state plan, we want to base everything based on population.

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Joe Escobar: The Virginia plan, one of the large states at the time, based on population and land area as well, but they had the large state plan that you'd base representation, simply on population and we have people today in the United States, who simply wants to base the.

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Joe Escobar: entire electoral process for President of the United States just on population.

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Joe Escobar: And if that's the case, then all the President candidates have to do is go to the states with the largest populations they'll never visit Oregon again because they will need to.

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Joe Escobar: All they need to do is get the popular vote certainly that's good for the large state plans, whereas New Jersey said timeout timeout we want to keep it just the way it was under the articles of confederation one vote per State.

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Joe Escobar: Now is that fair not in one sense, the fact that the state of Oregon would have the same single vote for our what do we 3 million people population in Oregon.

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Joe Escobar: and have the same single vote that the 45 million people who live in California half so 45 million Californians have one vote and 3 million oregonians have one vote.

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Joe Escobar: That doesn't seem very fair it's certainly as tempting to be fair on state equity, but not on people population equity.

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Joe Escobar: So, as you might imagine we have a compromise, so do not confused the names here, these were indeed call the Virginia plan.

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Joe Escobar: The New Jersey plan, but it was the Connecticut compromise, and I remember that easy with just the letter CC right Connecticut and compromise was the Connecticut compromise, they said let's have a by camera legislature by two houses to house legislature.

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Joe Escobar: I can't believe this was a big stretch all that to do is look at what Massachusetts had done as a state, but this is the big compromise in the House of Representatives it'll be based on population and in the Senate it'll be equal.

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Joe Escobar: So in Washington DC Oregon has two senators California has two senators.

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Joe Escobar: that's our equity when it comes to the population in the House of Representatives I don't know how many representatives, the Californians have.

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Joe Escobar: You could Google it 30 4050 in Oregon we have like, six, seven or eight.

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Joe Escobar: So their population is better represented in the House of Representatives California has more power in and more votes and the House of Representatives but let's remember in order for a bill to become a law it's got to pass the House, but then it's got to pass the Senate.

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Joe Escobar: So you can't just say one house dominates over another, a by camera legislature is less powerful than a unicameral legislature.

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Joe Escobar: And just having the legislature, of course, is less powerful than they're just being a solo dictator or king.

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Joe Escobar: Right a king or a dictator or Caesar an emperor that's the ultimate and power and then you start to divide that power between branches of government, and then you divide the legislative branch into two houses.

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Joe Escobar: If you want to make our government weaker let's have a third house based on something else, or a fourth house and before you say, but that sounds crazy other countries of the world do it, other countries of the world have nine political parties.

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Joe Escobar: As opposed to our two I know we have others, but in reality it's really the choice between two.

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Joe Escobar: So that's the Connecticut compromise pretty huge part of the Philadelphia Convention, they actually compromised that should be something new to us in a day and age, when people aren't compromising and government and then of course there's the infamous three fifths compromise southerners.

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Joe Escobar: When it came to paying their fair share of government taxation, they want to taxes, based on people, you know what's your population clearly.

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Joe Escobar: The large State of Virginia, with its large population is going to have to pay more in taxes than this small state of Georgia.

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Joe Escobar: That might be a big land area but it's only got a few people in it, so we can't pay as much as Virginia so taxation, being based on the number of people.

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Joe Escobar: Well southerners are like Well, this is great for us slaves aren't people, so we get to count just our White population and that's all we owe to this new government and taxes and northerners were like wait wait wait wait wait not okay.

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Joe Escobar: So they came up with a three fifths compromise, because the southerners, not only did not want to count the slaves, for purposes of taxes they had to pay to the central government, they did want to count the slaves when it came to how many representatives, they would get in government.

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Joe Escobar: Right you can't have your cake and eat it too don't count them when it comes to paying taxes but do count them when it comes to representatives in Congress right more power in Congress.

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Joe Escobar: Because states like South Carolina were 50% of the population were slaves.

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Joe Escobar: they're not going to get very much representation in Congress, so of course they wanted to count the slaves for representation in Congress when it came time to pay bills.

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Joe Escobar: Not so much well there's the three fifths compromise often presented to students as isn't that terrible and On one level sure it is they're counting the slaves is three fifths of a person.

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Joe Escobar: I would put for us to you that you begin to think instead of the glass half empty, the glass half full, even the fact that in 1787 slaves were being counted as people.

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Joe Escobar: We know their property, we know slavery exists, but the fact that they were being counted as people we know there are people, we obviously accept it 100% people counting somebody is a three fifths of a person it's not.

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Joe Escobar: Going after their humaneness it's going after taxation and representation purposes.

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Joe Escobar: So that you count the slaves as three fifths of a person, so the southerners will have to pay some more taxes, based on the slave population.

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Joe Escobar: And then three fifths of a person the southerners will get a few more represent representatives in Congress, based on them as three fifths of a person add that to the Northwest ordinance, which is already outlawed slavery and new states.

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Joe Escobar: And let's go ahead and take away some of the credit that our secular God by the name of Abraham Lincoln gets as the one who came along and freed the slaves.

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Joe Escobar: You know, as if that was some sort of magical moment in history, this is significant moment we're not going to get there in our particular class but realize the precedence that had been set earlier.

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Joe Escobar: and take a look at the three fifths compromise and that particular view, without it, without the Connecticut compromise we don't have the constitution of the United States.

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Joe Escobar: In section six dash six six dash seven see it says the delegates to Philadelphia understood that they were proposing an illegal.

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Joe Escobar: But peaceful overthrow of the existing legal order that is a revolution when they met they were simply good supposed to revise the articles of confederation.

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Joe Escobar: And they just said, there are two week they're beyond fixing throw them out start over again once every colony followed suit, though, if every colony approved of this new Constitution than their revolution would actually become something peaceful and indeed that's what happened here.

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Joe Escobar: So the father, a constitution, James Madison.

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Joe Escobar: Now it's worth noting that, as he writes up the Constitution and drafts it out right no computers doing it all longhand and then copies that need to be made at the other copies handwritten copies.

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Joe Escobar: We have Article one, so the very first article of the Constitution is the legislative branch Congress in this made up of the House in the Senate.

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Joe Escobar: There, the first the founders thought they should be the first so to lie those 535 people in Congress, they better represent the United States than one President.

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Joe Escobar: Did Obama represent all 350 million Americans did trump does Biden.

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Joe Escobar: Much less of a chance that they represent all of Americans then 535 representatives in Congress so Congress, they should be the ones doing the deeds it's their job to write the laws it's simply the president's job to sign or veto, a law and then to enforce the law.

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Joe Escobar: I need to say that out loud, because in the year 2021 most of us think wait doesn't the President right the laws.

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Joe Escobar: mean wasn't obamacare obama's thing I mean he got democrats in Congress to go along with it, but he wanted to go ahead and revamp health care.

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Joe Escobar: And so, he went around about doing it with help 2000 page document that Congress ended up voting on.

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Joe Escobar: i'm telling you right now, all of these legislative things should not be coming from the President that's the executive branch article to.

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Joe Escobar: Even the President was put his article to not as Article one.

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Joe Escobar: Now these don't have powers being first or second over the next because notice Article three, as a judicial branch we don't even have a Supreme Court.

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Joe Escobar: At this stage in the game, we have the paperwork that says we're going to get a court.

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Joe Escobar: But there was no Court established on the first day that people were voted into the Senate and the House and the President of the United States was chosen.

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Joe Escobar: Those things didn't all happen on the same day and, by the way we got Supreme Court judges all at the same time.

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Joe Escobar: But the Constitution itself Articles one, two and three there in the textbook appendix, you can go ahead and take a look at this short.

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Joe Escobar: Eight page document obviously depending on type size it's an eight page document anybody can read the constitution of the United States, and I really wish they would not only my students but people in Congress today.

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Joe Escobar: Because i'm pretty confident nobody's reading a 2000 page health care bill with goodness knows what thrown in in the mix there's a clause in there.

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Joe Escobar: And the articles in the article that's very important called the necessary and proper clause, perhaps you've heard of it.

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Joe Escobar: I cannot re emphasize this anymore, I should have put a big red slide here now saying very important i've got my all caps i've got my bowl they're.

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Joe Escobar: necessary and proper I want students to know what the necessary and proper clause is it's got a Wikipedia entry.

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Joe Escobar: it's part of the glimpse part of the Constitution of the United States, they get a whole article on it and the necessary and proper clause is also referred to as the elastic cloud.

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Joe Escobar: God like that you all know, an elastic is you know, all in all know how it works, you can stretch it.

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Joe Escobar: You can make it a different size, you can make it bigger things and it's meant to do elastic claws hopefully this ridiculous image here will help you with the necessary and proper clause is the elastic clause is Article one section eight.

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Joe Escobar: So on the exam which one of the following does not fit the necessary and proper clause, the elastic clause, Article one section eight.

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Joe Escobar: Or the 10th amendment to the Constitution, and of course you'd have to say, the 10th amendment, even though we haven't covered it, yet the 10th amendment is not the necessary and proper elastic Article one section eight clause.

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Joe Escobar: And what it says is pretty straightforward pretty amazing Congress shall have the power to make all laws which Shelby necessary in proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers listed in the Constitution, make all laws which are necessary and proper.

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Joe Escobar: make all laws necessary and proper Okay, what is necessary and proper I don't think i'm the only one, but for some of you, it is necessary and proper that you can't have a good day without your morning coffee.

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Joe Escobar: or a Joel or energy drink or whatever what's necessary and proper for you, not necessarily necessary and proper for somebody else he realized that that can be stretched to mean.

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Joe Escobar: Whatever you want it to mean what's necessary and proper and i'll give you my best example that I do in class.

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Joe Escobar: In the Constitution, it absolutely says in words the federal government of the United States has the right to coin money.

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Joe Escobar: Because we know what a mess, the money system was the continental dollar is not worth this much gold ridiculous Fiat currency paper.

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Joe Escobar: We can't have 13 states having their own 13 different currencies, thank goodness for that, I think we can all agree that that is a good thing that we have simply one currency system in the United States that the founders decided to use so that's in their.

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Joe Escobar: coin money Federal Government only can coin money states can't Federal Government can coin money now, having said coin money you can't just make that happen.

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Joe Escobar: To coin money, we need a mint I mean we need a to build a mint so by that logic and the necessary and proper clause, it must be necessary improper for the Federal Government to actually buy some land.

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Joe Escobar: I mean you got you got to put a minute someplace you had to build it someplace so now, the Federal Government.

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Joe Escobar: which has the power to coin money it's necessary and proper that the Federal Government can buy land okay great we got a location for a minute we bought some land now it's necessary and proper to hire architects.

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Joe Escobar: And builders.

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Joe Escobar: And to buy wood and tools to build a minute I mean you actually have to build the building itself right so, even though it says you got the ability to coin money that's in the Constitution.

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Joe Escobar: Now we know that the Federal Government can buy land can buy materials can hire workers can build a building.

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Joe Escobar: Once that's building is built does money just make itself know it requires machinery more workers to build more machine machines to actually coin money to actually turn these things into.

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Joe Escobar: paper and coin currency, but those machines don't run themselves, so the federal government now how apparently has the ability, the necessary and proper ability to hire employees.

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Joe Escobar: So the Federal Government has the ability to hire employees now you're now employed by the Federal Government.

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Joe Escobar: You don't do this for free right nobody's working for free well you're going to get paid by the Federal Government to work, the printing presses to work, the coin and machines in the American meant wherever that is built.

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Joe Escobar: Of course it's not today today we'd have to provide our workers compensation and health care and benefits, and all of that, but you get the idea if it's necessary and proper and then, of course.

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Joe Escobar: gold and silver just just doesn't magically appear at a mint.

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Joe Escobar: It has to be transported there so apparently now, the government is necessary in proper to hire wagons and carts and the horses to transport.

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Joe Escobar: The raw materials to the mint where we turn it into money and then to get it back out, we got to pay careers or delivery people eventually of course we'll have our our our.

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Joe Escobar: postal system, but to deliver this to the various banks and places, so you got to realize that in that one scenario here it's all easy common sense there's nothing amazing about my example, but the point is in the Constitution, the Federal Government can coin money.

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Joe Escobar: which apparently means by land hire workers buy materials transport those materials hire workers to run the machines continually transport to and from them with some sort of transportation system, I mean coin money turned into a lot of necessary and proper.

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Joe Escobar: Right.

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Joe Escobar: The first necessary and proper clause about interstate commerce commerce between the States, when it was only a horse in a wagon.

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Joe Escobar: and fast forward to today, now the federal government gets to control automobiles and trains and planes that fly between the States.

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Joe Escobar: Those were not part of the Constitution clearly they never knew anything about automobiles and railroads and and airplanes.

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Joe Escobar: But now the Federal Government has those powers, the Federal Aviation Administration and so forth, because.

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Joe Escobar: In the Constitution, they have the power to regulate interstate commerce.

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Joe Escobar: And that has turned into a much larger government with many more powers to control things like airplanes and every time you go to the airport that's a federal institution you got to follow federal law.

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Joe Escobar: for everybody who's working the ticket counters to check in your luggage to bagging to whatever.

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Joe Escobar: it's quite a system here the necessary and proper clause is what we live with today, most of us say, can the Government do anything they want.

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Joe Escobar: kind of apparently they can give healthcare to everybody, where does it say health care in the Constitution, it does not.

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Joe Escobar: But somewhere along the line the necessary and proper clause has been used to expand the powers of the Federal Government to where they are today.

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Joe Escobar: i'm betting that most students and most of your friends know who the President is and i'm betting they can't tell you a single representative that goes to Salem in the state of Oregon.

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Joe Escobar: That no idea of their local REPS are because it's all about national power and national influence in the nation in the media.

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Joe Escobar: that's the trend, where we are today, please realize that, because of the time period we're studying things are very, very different.

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Joe Escobar: So things seem like trick questions on an exam or things that just don't make some so much sense, based on what you know today.

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Joe Escobar: it's not going to help you study the people of this time period if you take today's mindset and say what the heck are those people thinking about then you're really going to do a disservice to history.

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Joe Escobar: James Madison is one of those tricky people here, and I say no tricks because he's the father of the Constitution.

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Joe Escobar: Right he's there he obviously wants to create a strong central government.

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Joe Escobar: And yet he's going to flip flop in this chapter Chapter seven, you heard of to James madison's one who wants to create a strong central government.

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Joe Escobar: And one who wants a week central government and stronger state governments, that is true, he absolutely changes during his lifetime and we'll see when that happens.

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Joe Escobar: I introduced you Professor forest mcdonald's.

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Joe Escobar: He is perhaps one of our only fuse southern.

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Joe Escobar: scholars here to bring to your attention passed away just recently.

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Joe Escobar: In 2016 taught at the University of Alabama and he turns out to be an expert in this particular time period of the founding itself and what these founders were doing in his words definitely put you back in that time period, he has said when he was interviewed you know.

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Joe Escobar: tell us a little about your life and he says, I think I was born in the wrong century, I think I should be an 18th century person because i've studied it so much that I think I know it pretty well and he absolutely does.

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Joe Escobar: The Convention now entered the first week in September two weeks later on September 17 1787 39 delegates signed the Constitution.

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to delegate supported it fully many shared Benjamin franklin's do when he said, I have great reservations, but I will never otter them outside this Chamber, I nevertheless consent to the Constitution, because I can expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best.

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The delegates had achieved their main goal, the one they had held on to when the going was toughest they had created a national government.

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Congress could now levy and collect taxes, the new government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and between states.

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Most important of all, the Constitution and all laws passed under it were the supreme law of the land.

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To gain more perspective, I visited Professor forest McDonald at the University of Alabama and I asked him what are the motivations of the major players in creating a more powerful central government.

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Well, in a word, patriotism love of country, but having said that is not very fashionable word anymore talk about patriotism nonetheless on there's some underlying things that can be can be mentioned.

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First of all, what bread nationalism what bread love of country you've got to remember that.

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The idea of the United States was new was 11 years old and 1700 87 the idea of being a citizen of Pennsylvania, or of Massachusetts or Virginia with Barry the old one, and so loyalties work or local support i'll come back to.

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Broadly speaking, there were a number of kinds of factors that would predispose people toward nationalism, if you grew up abroad.

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Born abroad and grew up abroad, Alexander Hamilton, for instance, was a national he never had any potential feelings, because he was 1617 years old before he got to this country the same with Robert Morris degrade finance here, and so on.

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that's one a second is that if you were educated abroad grew up here, but one abroad to be educated as say john Dickinson did or john rutledge did you could outgrow your your.

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provincialism a third is that if you were in a revolutionary armies and new the idiocy of trying to run a combined national effort with 13 competing sovereignty is that predispose you and another is that if you had been in the continental Congress during the darkest hours of the revolution.

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Thanks look absolutely bleak, you also know the idiocy of of trying to run a nation without a national government, so a sense of nationalism grew out of various kinds of experiences, but then there was another motive, I suppose, as the board.

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room more complicated in the 18th century their understanding of how a human being worked how the human psyche operated was as follows.

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Men are driven by their passions, that is to say, their desires for self gratification greed, in the last sloths anger fear of whatever.

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It was a generally accepted proposition that most people were driven in public life anyway we're driven by ambition love of power or by average love of money greed.

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But there was also a theory that you could be driven by any any desire for fame now I don't mean thing in the sense that or walk group is famous they have a different conception of fame fame was in mortality.

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In the grateful remembrance of your posterity if you could create a nation and 200 years down the line.

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You look back upon the achievements of a James Madison Arba George Washington Oregon Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson and be remembered gratefully, that is, the mortality rate, and that was a driving force with an awful lot of the founding fathers.

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As trying as drafting the constitution was ratifying it was even more difficult.

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Inside the statehouse at hartford Connecticut people and really debated the Constitution somewhere absolutely outraged what the Constitution makers had done.

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So where people in other state houses across the country not only had the delegates in Philadelphia gone far beyond their instructions.

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But they also insisted that the State legislators were not the ones to ratify the Constitution rather special conventions were to be elected in each state that would vote on the Constitution in this way opponents in the state legislators would be bypassed.

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The founding fathers added another stipulation.

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The articles of confederation required unanimous ratification, but to ratify the Constitution only required nine of the 13 states.

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The opponents of the Constitution, raise difficult questions one was How could a stronger central government remain under popular control.

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The reign of George the third was still alive in many minds Madison Hamilton and Jay undertook the defense of the Constitution.

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Writing under the name of publius they wrote a series of articles, called the federalist papers, they responded to the critics point by point, explaining how the Constitution provided for a system of checks and balances and a limited central government.

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Gradually over the months.

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Public opinion began to turn toward the Constitution as States ratified public enthusiasm grew speeches songs and plays were written about federalism and Mr constitution.

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Much of the opposition collapsed when several states were assured that a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution.

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By the end of July 17 at 811 states had ratified the Constitution, and it therefore became law yet considering all the opposition, I wondered how the federalists managed to pull it off, I asked Professor McDonald what were the strongest objections the federalists had to overcome.

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To.

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One and ideological objection, they were jealous of their liberties, they were fearful of power, and most particularly, they were fearful of executive power.

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The confederation Congress, it had no executive, the state several States had governors, most of them did not all but.

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People just were scared to death of executive power they were in reaction to the real or imagined excesses of George the third King George the third.

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Okay, that theory was overcome by one very simple thing George Washington was there, George Washington had demonstrated that he could be trusted with power, he always.

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assumed the mantle of power with deference and with humility and when the job was done, he laid it out and returned it, so the office of President could be created and the executive power could be established, simply because we had George Washington.

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The other kind of objection.

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Was innocence bogus, that is to say, as I mentioned earlier, Americans are preventable American loyalties are two states and localities.

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And what anti federalists said on there's no Bill of Rights, the powers are not distributed property there's not enough separation of powers of powers aren't balances, or whatever.

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was mainly rationalizations made up things that the federalists had arguments to federalists have the counter well the federalist counter didn't but with.

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considerable difficulty, at times, for instance, Patrick Henry the great Patrick Henry most persuasive are a tar in the world, he could we have a hypnotic spell.

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At one point in the Virginia ratifying convention, he began to talk about a perfectly innocuous clause in the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to create what became the district of Columbia for a capital city, so I didn't have to be in some street.

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Henry began to weave a spell of talking about how this 10 miles square area was going to be a great wall city.

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In which would, how is hundreds of thousands of troops and they would make for raise up there and enslave the people and all kinds of stuff like.

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He did this so persuasive with that one I witness said that he actually felt himself in voluntarily holding as risk because you could feel the manacles biting into his flesh right.

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What the federal designed to do is overcome this with with the reason the reason the arguments, the principal arguments that they.

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set forth and the federalist papers but in addition to that, and scooping here, Maurice one of the founding fathers sending.

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The demagogues will have to be bribed by loaves and fishes all kinds of deals from lady got john john hancock who was opposed to the to the ratification of the Constitution Massachusetts they bribed him by offering in the vice presidency.

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When he when the Constitution was ratified the double crossed him and gave it to john Adams instead.

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Joe Escobar: So there you go one thing that I certainly wish of any and all college professors, is that you just get somebody like that who's just to the point, one of the reasons.

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Joe Escobar: Let me give you the three, what are the objections to fold and just sticks with it and it's just very straightforward, but he also presents to us quite amazing history, and I think.

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Joe Escobar: In more recent years this particular clip is becoming even more and more amazing for me to listen to.

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Joe Escobar: Here, he was speaking in the 1980s and who would have known in the year 2021.

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Joe Escobar: We have things like the fear of centralized power executive power and the bogus rationalizations or what we today we call the fake news.

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Joe Escobar: So how do you overcome that will you supposedly use reasoning right he's reason in science to overcome the scare tactics of the other side, but then he throws in that last bit saying oh yeah and there were bribes made promises made broken.

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Joe Escobar: Good old john hancock again to remember him from the first video, where he was thinking, he was going to get the job that George Washington got in that video and then he looked pretty.

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Joe Escobar: Pretty unhappy when when when Adams named Washington, instead of him to leave the army and then afterwards he's promised vice presidency.

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Joe Escobar: If he goes ahead and supports this, and then they double cross him and give it to john Adams again so twice burned, we need another.

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Joe Escobar: Historical documentary where they dress some people up and you can show.

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Joe Escobar: john hancock being burned once again here with with really some background deals some some lying and conniving.

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Joe Escobar: I mean one thing McDonald dude does is he doesn't hide from you the truth, he speaks about the big picture items like fame and their conception of fame and at the same time he's willing to share with you.

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Joe Escobar: The bribery and the corruption, even from the very founding so you have some of these founding issues, and I would say that, even more so they're alive and well today, for example, it made me think of.

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Joe Escobar: So did Congress did the Congress of the United States did they all.

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Joe Escobar: come together in the year 2021 in January, after the election of Biden did they all come together and write a law saying we're going to pass a law that says masks must be worn on federal grounds and airports and so forth, that Congress actually a past that and Biden sign it.

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Joe Escobar: And the answer is no, no, it did not Congress, the 535 members of Congress did not make that decision Biden made the decision, the executive order exactly.

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Joe Escobar: What forced mcdonald's talking about American people fearing executive power, whether it be king George the third or just executive power, people are going to take power.

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Joe Escobar: and not be as forthcoming with giving it back as somebody like a George Washington did.

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Joe Escobar: And here we are, after the revolution we're still talking about George because of course he's got another job to do is first President of the United States.

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Joe Escobar: But here's the federalist papers, you mentioned, they tried to use logic.

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Joe Escobar: To overcome the arguments that were being being made against the Constitution being ratified, and so they wrote a series of articles, called the federalist papers.

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Joe Escobar: These federalist papers are all out of copyright, so you can get them online every single one of them if you'd like.

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Joe Escobar: All written by Madison Hamilton and Jay This makes sense, with Madison as father of the constitution of course he's going to want the Constitution to be ratified.

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Joe Escobar: sodas Alexander Hamilton who believes in a strong central government so does john Jay who will become one of the Supreme Court justices and the very near future, so all three of these people want there to be a strong central government.

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Joe Escobar: And they write the federalist papers to overcome objections and of course they do, but I have my little sign down here and read that says no tricks here.

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Joe Escobar: Because, if you read Chapter seven don't you recall reading, something that Madison and Hamilton hated each other.

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Joe Escobar: That they were ideological opposites that Hamilton served as a federalist under George Washington, but James Madison join Thomas Jefferson to form the.

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Joe Escobar: Democratic Republican Party or the Republicans, that the time period so there's this major major split that takes place between these two people but, mind you it's not a trick it's the changing over time.

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Joe Escobar: And then the very beginning, we have James Madison father of the constitution and a strong constitution.

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Joe Escobar: And that is why Chapter seven does again take a look at those years 1789 the Constitution is ratified and it takes us all the way to 1815 the end of the war of 1812.

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Joe Escobar: So it's another big chapter requires these three days in class from today and and all of next week, including the founding of our political parties which.

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Joe Escobar: I know you get tired of hearing me say this, but the founding of our political parties, what you think you know about political parties today is not going to help you.

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Joe Escobar: When you go back in history and try to study them.

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Joe Escobar: Chapter five small republic big shoulders 1789 to.

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George washington's famed 1796 farewell address contains one plea that in retrospect seems remarkably futile.

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The President express frustration over the ongoing political strife and the rise of permanent political parties.

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It was an odd statement, considering that if anyone created parties or factions as James Madison had turned them, it was Washington, along with his brilliant aid Alexander Hamilton through his domestic program and foreign policy.

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They had assistance from the federalist papers co author Madison who relished divisions among political groups as a means to balance power.

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washington's warnings reflected his sorrow over the bitter debates that characterized politics, throughout his two administrations.

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more so because the debates had made enemies of former colleagues Hamilton Madison Jefferson and Adams.

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By 1796 most of those men could not stand each other only Jefferson and Madison still got along and Washington before his death ceased corresponding with his fellow Virginia Jefferson other founders chose sides among these powerhouses.

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Washington thought good men could disagree, without the venom of politics overriding all other interests, he hoped that a band of American revolutionaries could achieve consensus over what their revolution was all about.

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In fact, Washington might well have voiced as much pride as regret over the unfolding events of the 1790s.

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Because he and his generation shaped an American political party system that endures in recognizable form to this day, and because the emergence of those factions of which he so strongly disapproved in large part guaranteed the success and moderation of that system.

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From 1789 to 18 clashes between federalists and anti federalists translated into a continuing and often venomous debate over the new nation's domestic and foreign policies.

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Political Parties first appeared in this era characterized by organized Congressional leadership party newspapers, whose editorials established party platforms and attack the opposition.

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And the nomination of partisan national presidential candidates washington's cabinet itself contained the seeds of this partisanship.

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Secretary of State Jefferson rally the old anti federalists under the banner of limited government and the new Jeffersonian Republican Party.

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Meanwhile, Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton chief author of the federalist papers with Madison who himself would make the transition to republican set the agenda for the federalist.

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Both sides battled over hamilton's economic plan his reports on debt banking and manufacturers, while Madison often the voice of conciliation and compromise quietly supported the federalist position.

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They simultaneously fought over whether American foreign policy would favor France or Britain in the European struggle for power.

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In every case, the debates came down to a single issue, given that the people retained all powers, but those most necessary to the functioning of the Republic, what powers, did the government absolutely need.

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The US from the moment the ink dried on the Constitution and important development had taken place in American government, whereby the debate increasingly focused on the size of government, rather than its virtue.

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Joe Escobar: i've told you, your textbook gives the best introductions and conclusions.

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Joe Escobar: Except in this particular case, it was a fine introduction in your textbook but what you heard was not a mistake, there you know, he said, Chapter five.

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Joe Escobar: He said a different title of the chapter, but he said the same year 1789 to 1815.

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Joe Escobar: And my key here is always to present to you the store article information that kind of coincides it supports one another and it's a totally different textbook that you heard just the introduction for but it covers the same years.

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Joe Escobar: And they make some pretty big claims about these years and that's my reason for meeting.

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Joe Escobar: Today, and all of next week to actually do justice to this particular time period.

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Joe Escobar: Because this major decision you know, had to revolve around economics and hamilton's economic plan which you'll need to know.

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Joe Escobar: In detail, so the little economics in this class foreign policy, France or Britain you think that would be a really easy decision to make, given the revolutionary war but not so much.

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Joe Escobar: and political powers are at parties which are largely recognizable today had their beginnings at this time now that's 100% true, except for the fact that things have changed over time and one of them is just the terminology itself.

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Joe Escobar: So what you're looking at in this chapter is a simple 26 year time period.

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Joe Escobar: And, as with all things we won't do the dates clearly you know you know the war of 1812 comes comes after the American revolution.

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Joe Escobar: good enough think the year 1812 kind of gives it away for you, their resume American revolution doesn't have the actual dates on it, and that a constitution.

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Joe Escobar: is past, but not before other things like the articles of confederation were done or shays rebellion again memorizing those dates not important.

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Joe Escobar: But, knowing the cause and effect shays rebellion leading tech economic crisis under the articles That said, we got to fix our economy, so our Constitution gets founded.

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Joe Escobar: Those cause and effect are important here, and of course i'll take each one by turn what you read and then re emphasize here in class.

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Joe Escobar: Those are the things worth your notes and as always when you're listening to audio or watching video hopefully on your screens there you're looking at your little chat box, there is i'm jotting down.

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Joe Escobar: A little note, if we were in the classroom I be doing the same thing on the on the blackboard or whiteboard as the video is playing i'd like stand up to.

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Joe Escobar: To go ahead and write something down kind of reminding students oh yeah I should be taking notes during these things because of the connection.

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Joe Escobar: So there's George Washington on his way to the temporary capital, because the capital was not Washington DC George Washington never slept in the White House.

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Joe Escobar: That was always fun going to that White House thing, and someone says Oh, can you show me the room George Washington slept and, of course, your nerdy history teacher wanted to say, excuse me, you didn't sleep here.

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Joe Escobar: But I let the guide do it in the guide actually knew their history, which was good, the temporary capital is New York City so George Washington never in the White House in New York City.

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Joe Escobar: The real White House will be located in Washington DC as in Washington district of Columbia not officially part of any state.

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Joe Escobar: Even though it resides completely within the territory that is Maryland.

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Joe Escobar: Maryland is going to lose some territory and we're going to create Washington DC in the district of Columbia, so that no one of the 13 states has the special higher privilege of.

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Joe Escobar: owning or having the capital city within it, because you can imagine, we might have another civil war here if all the colonies had to compete with who gets the capital.

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Joe Escobar: So Washington DC is actually not officially part of any state of the United States, it just happens to be entirely within Maryland which hopefully you'll notice little repetition from first part of the class so as our Washington DC as our capital located in the north of the South.

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Joe Escobar: In the south.

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Joe Escobar: Maryland is below the mason Dixon line our capital is located in these slave states of the United States, from the very beginning.

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Joe Escobar: So George Washington in his farewell address, he says hey as i'm leaving office i'm just telling you I don't think we should have political parties.

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Joe Escobar: I really wish in one way we had followed some of that advice, because you look at how far apart, our political parties are today and the polarizing of the American people it's sort of a nightmare today that he envisioned back at that point in time.

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Joe Escobar: he's not entirely a hypocrite though he warned against that, even though, as you heard in that other book he largely helped found the political parties at his swearing in New York.

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Joe Escobar: Washington comics to preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States.

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walk among.

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The riskiest land, a part of my conduct which may not be drawn into.

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right away Washington appointed advisors who became known as the Cabinet he picked the very best people he could find for Secretary of State, he chose Thomas Jefferson for Secretary of the Treasury, it was Alexander Hamilton.

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What develop were the nation's first political parties Jefferson and his followers became known as democratic republican Hamilton and his followers became known as federalist.

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What they really represent is a two competing visions of what the future of the country, ought to be and freedom is related to that.

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The federalist want a powerful national state with a developing economy sort of modeled on Great Britain to them freedom comes through national greatness and economic development.

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To the Jeffersonian they want a limited government, they want America to be a land based power, not a financial power and a military power to them freedom means limited government.

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Individual opportunity, so, in a sense, unlike some other periods in history, the parties really represent very, very different visions of what America or to be.

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Joe Escobar: So there's phone or again different documentary and he makes his case again about versions or visions of freedom.

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Joe Escobar: In the introduction to your textbook it tells you very clearly what these are and i'm telling you you just need to make sure you pay attention.

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Joe Escobar: If you were calling the first half of class, I made a really big statement about you.

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Joe Escobar: The two boxes, the northern colonies versus a southern colonies, the Massachusetts how it differs from Virginia keep those things in mind slavery, no slavery cotton crops valuable to the the are not cotton, tobacco crops valuable to Britain not so valuable to Britain and so forth.

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Joe Escobar: That was, for the first half of class second half of class, these are the two boxes Okay, these are the two boxes, you might you can just say political parties, but versions of freedom.

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Joe Escobar: federalists wanted a constitution to counter democratic excesses, they were determined to make the national government powerful enough to command respect abroad and to impose order at home, for the most part they succeeded.

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Joe Escobar: Right and pose order at home you've got the shays rebellion example command respect from abroad.

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Joe Escobar: defeat Great Britain in a war, and that means aligning with the French and building up your own military and and actually being a nation that actually pays its bills, as well as Alexander Hamilton will say.

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Joe Escobar: The anti federalists democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson whereas firmly tied to revolutionary ideas of limited.

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Joe Escobar: Government smaller government and a citizenry of independent farmers, so I asked you this question it's not a poll question to do, and in a zoom poll.

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Joe Escobar: But look at that today, which political party, and our group can trace its roots to these anti federalists The anti federalists, the Thomas jefferson's ideals of limited government and citizenry of independent farmers, small government independent farmers and the answer.

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Joe Escobar: Is democrats.

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Joe Escobar: In the year 2021.

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Joe Escobar: Or the democrats, the party of small limited government.

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Joe Escobar: Not not even close.

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Joe Escobar: Not not even close.

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Joe Escobar: Quite quite the opposite, this is the idea of not just limited government, but a government that will go ahead.

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Joe Escobar: and expand and expand and expand authority Republicans have done it too, but this is clearly my problem right i'm telling you what you know about today's political parties does not translate well to the studying of it.

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Joe Escobar: Because something drastically has happened today.

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Joe Escobar: I would say that today, even though the Republicans are a large government party as well, they believe more in states rights and states powers.

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Joe Escobar: Certainly, Conservatives are very happy with those state governors who have chosen not to enact mass mandates for the people right limit your power, whoever told you, you could tell every human being in the United States to wear a mask or not.

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Joe Escobar: Some people see that as overstepping powers and Biden becomes President sort of mandates that on all the places he can.

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Joe Escobar: He can mandate that on all federal property federal territories, but in our country state governors still have powers and i've heard plenty of people being a.

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Joe Escobar: Can you believe that that state government is not instituting a mass mandate and and during this time of pandemic, can you believe they're there they're not doing that.

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Joe Escobar: And I always say, of course, I can believe it, we have a federal system of government some power held by the Federal Government States have their own powers as well.

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Joe Escobar: Not every state in the United States has had a governor saying the mask mandate.

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Joe Escobar: So we have that difference and i'm a little freaked out when people are like know, whatever the President says we should all do.

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Joe Escobar: Because that is an unbelievable centralization of power, quite the opposite of what the founders were concerned about at that time and even Thomas Jefferson founder of today's Democratic Party.

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Joe Escobar: So here's the way this chart works i'll start you off with the bucket you know that I include all my pictures on on moodle for the week.

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Joe Escobar: This is the one slide that's important enough where you're going to not have to worry about copying it down because i'm going to go ahead and put this textual note taking slide.

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Joe Escobar: On moodle because I want you to know it, so that you will not sound like a fool speaking with somebody.

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Joe Escobar: That has any knowledge of our nation's history, all our mind you, you know foolish people saying foolish things to other foods that don't know the history.

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Joe Escobar: You know they'll they'll all just be wrong, historically, but the federalists are easy they're the easiest group.

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Joe Escobar: federalists federalist papers initially right Hamilton and Madison nj and George Washington federal a strong central government, what are the federalist today.

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Joe Escobar: They are nothing as a party they've died, they will die during the war of 1812 they will die because they were kind of against the war that the United States, one, so they look pretty unpatriotic.

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Joe Escobar: And they have a short history short, one of the shortest lived political parties now some of their ideas and concepts go on, but the federalists are not today's anything.

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Joe Escobar: Okay, a federalist is not a democrat today is not a Green Party is not a libertarian is not a republican not none that's it federalists easy.

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Joe Escobar: Anti federalist flipping nightmare absolute nightmare here because of the language okay so again i'm really trying to make my point here because of the language.

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Joe Escobar: Anti federalists don't want to ratify the Constitution of the United States once the Constitution is ratified and does become the law of the land it can't keep calling yourself the anti.

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Joe Escobar: Right, I mean how many people today let's let's form a new party will call ourselves the anti trump's.

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Joe Escobar: Why doesn't the Democratic Party just changed their name to the anti trump's.

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Joe Escobar: All these no longer in office they may have felt that way but it's kind of dumb to have a political party with the word anti in there right, so you change it to something a little bit more positive.

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Joe Escobar: They may have been anti federalist for the ratification of the Constitution, but later on, they will get their first president elected and 1800.

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Joe Escobar: by the name of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is not George Washington or.

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Joe Escobar: john Adams, he is the first democratic president and in the beginning and call itself Jeffersonian.

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Joe Escobar: Now that's not a very good name because he's only going to be present for a little bit and then and then what you're naming your party, after some person not a good idea, so they call themselves the Jeffersonian Republicans.

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Joe Escobar: Which is not entirely helpful, but when you see that terminology it's there.

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Joe Escobar: And then the worst step, ladies and gentlemen, the most unhelpful thing and almost all of the history of the United States, they call themselves Republicans right just dropped the name Jefferson call yourself Republicans.

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Joe Escobar: So, you would think these are today's Republicans, and they are not, then they thought they'd get a little more clever a little more accurate and call themselves the democratic Republicans.

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Joe Escobar: I hope you see what an absolute flip a nightmare, this is historical historiography wise and studying in history, the democratic Republicans seriously.

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01:15:08.400 --> 01:15:13.920
Joe Escobar: there's a political party that had the name of both of today's political parties.

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Joe Escobar: I can't think of a worse scenario for you, however, when you read this textbook chapter on Chapter seven and they're talking about the Jeffersonian.

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Joe Escobar: Republicans, they just dropped the name completely and use Republicans later on democratic Republicans, and to be thinking in your own mind wait a minute they're talking about Jefferson the founder of today's democrats that's the nightmare.

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Joe Escobar: it'd be so much easier just the left side of this this thing here the federalists recall the federalists and nothing else, and then they're nothing today.

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Joe Escobar: They will die out as a political party, the anti federalists Jeffersonian Jeffersonian Republicans Republicans democratic Republicans and today's democrats it's all the same party.

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Joe Escobar: So here's one of your final exam questions which one of the following doesn't fit on the list kinda like the Protestant Catholic question.

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01:16:08.430 --> 01:16:22.110
Joe Escobar: All these other denominations are Protestant and then Catholic of course doesn't fit in that mix there's part of the problem with Protestantism being such a wide range and names we've got that same nightmare here with political parties.

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Joe Escobar: So get it right from the start, because I said, these two boxes are important, the people on the left one a strong central government, the federalist the people on the right one, a week central government where States maintain all the States rights powers.

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Joe Escobar: Tough stuff no tricks just make sure you know it, and thank goodness these names have been lost to history today because they're not helpful today.

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Joe Escobar: But in the studying of this to sit there and say yeah can you believe those racist Republicans today their founder republican Thomas Jefferson own slaves.

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Joe Escobar: Every time I hear that I want to throw up in my mouth, a little bit because that person has their history, so so wrong and the Democratic Party has, in large part.

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01:17:12.870 --> 01:17:24.510
Joe Escobar: lost all of this history purposefully cut this history off and in the year 2008 when Barack Obama was elected President that's when the final nail was put in the coffin when they absolutely.

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Joe Escobar: decided to cut off this part of their history it's something that I will show you a little bit later next week.

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Joe Escobar: Washington knew that he'd be setting precedents, as you heard his his primary source, he says everybody's going to be looking at me.

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Joe Escobar: What I do is going to you know be things that people do forward so the idea of precedence Washington would be a setting a precedent.

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Joe Escobar: So that whole little paragraph they gave in your book about do we call him, Mr President, or as excellent see or what well that seemed all silly because we know it's, Mr President.

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Joe Escobar: it mattered and actually matter that whole bit they knew that they'd be setting precedents not Presidents presidents.

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Joe Escobar: that's the battle over presidential titles was not silly whatever they decided at the very start.

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01:18:13.680 --> 01:18:20.460
Joe Escobar: would be something that would probably stick and last, and in this particular case it's lasted over a couple hundred years.

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Joe Escobar: A precedent is pretty simple right you just look it up, if you don't know but it's an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time.

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Joe Escobar: So when somebody does something and it sets a precedent it'll be done again and again and again and that's why I was very fearful of the.

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Joe Escobar: The violence that happened in 2016 with the election of trump because the precedent has been set, is that going to be the way that our elections go now.

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Joe Escobar: I was once again very concerned with the precedent that was set in January on inauguration day when supposedly.

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Joe Escobar: You know the capital not supposedly the attack it'll had some violence in the capital is that a new precedent that we're going to see in this country because we haven't had those at that level beforehand.

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Joe Escobar: Negative precedence and then hopefully washington's helping to set positive precedents everything of thing he does will be watched and for us studying history you're going to hear it, for the very first time.

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Joe Escobar: Remember forest McDonald he made his take on immortality but he said, good all Washington he had set a precedent.

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Joe Escobar: They had made him commander in chief of the military he took the power and then, when the war was over.

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Joe Escobar: He didn't turn his troops on Philadelphia, and say that's it you bozos never provided me with me with the weapons I needed i'm President now or i'm King now or i'm dictator now he hadn't.

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Joe Escobar: His precedent was he took power while he had it and he said it back down.

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Joe Escobar: he's President of the United States, you elected unanimously, and after two terms you could run for a third, but he just said not to lose enough set a precedent.

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Joe Escobar: precedent that was followed for the next hundred and 50 years that no President took more than two terms.

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Joe Escobar: So once again thank you so much for joining me today and veterans day hopefully you found this explanation of this really important chapter seven.

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Joe Escobar: Important to you and have a good rest of your weekend i'll see you next Tuesday we just continue with Chapter seven, no more mine tap work for another week have a good weekend.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Thank you um I did have a question just kind of curious um.

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Kayamity Ramirez: you're saying that in the email link college doesn't normally close on veterans day is that, just like a cost thing or something.

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Joe Escobar: know they close on some holidays and not others usually what they've done in the past, I can guarantee you mainly.

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Joe Escobar: committee because I have taught Tuesdays and Thursday courses at lane Community college since 1995.

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Joe Escobar: And so i've never cancel the class it's always been thanksgiving but i've never cancel the class those teachers who teach Monday Wednesday Friday.

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Joe Escobar: They almost always lose a Monday in there, because they made like veterans day and make it a three day weekend.

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Joe Escobar: You know, oh, it might be celebrated on Tuesday, but we're going to recognize it on Monday and close the campus in honor and in honor remembrance of it.

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Joe Escobar: And i'm telling you I was just blown away when when they're like oh yeah because they had made any major announcements again campus closed who cares we got zoom we can still held the class.

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Joe Escobar: you're already losing one of your two classes.

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Joe Escobar: If you lose two out of 20 classes that's 10% you guys should all be getting a 10% reduction in the tuition dollars you're paying you already know how I feel about those sorts of things so um yeah so they've done it that way and.

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Joe Escobar: You know I don't know how they're making decisions now it's really quite quite a strange one and next term is even shaping up to be a strange one class sizes they're going to hold classes and class again but they're only going to allow 50% of the student of the room capacity.

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Kayamity Ramirez: So if you got a really so they can only have like half as many students per.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Class then.

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Joe Escobar: Exactly so if you're thinking about signing up for classes that are in the classroom i'd say I do it earlier rather than later, because you know they've either you know I normally taught a class size of 40.

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Joe Escobar: But since they're the only 40 seats, they can only do 20, and so they don't want to pay me the same amount of money for teaching 20 than 40 so they actually moved me to this class that holds 80 students now so that it can hold 40 so you know it's just.

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Joe Escobar: The craziness continues there, unfortunately, and of course we'll all have to wear a mask, so I think in this regard I like zoom that I can do these things I don't know how many more hand gestures i'm going to have to do with a mascot in the classroom.

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Joe Escobar: And there's no way i'm going to know students names, you know with with masks on adjusting their eyes only so yeah it's it's just.

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Joe Escobar: Interesting I don't know what the decision was this year and and other decisions are coming and other day they're looking at giving us a paid.

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Joe Escobar: paid no school day is election day that just came out on an email, since we want to support students voting rights we're going to go ahead and propose that lane make election day a closed day so students can go out and vote, and all I see is that another day where you know.

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Joe Escobar: I get paid for it today whether I ran class or not and and hopefully I won't get in trouble from my colleagues or my Union saying wait a minute You ran class I said look, I called it optional I recorded it for students, you know that sort of thing.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Okay long answer to your question about apologize.

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Kayamity Ramirez: No you're all good i've actually i've been really curious about like how.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Things have been going on with people organizing it, you know it's really interesting to me how we.

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Kayamity Ramirez: Charges you know we get charged for things and i'm just always interested in learning about how the College is setting things up and making these decisions, a lot of them seem to be just like.