-176600 CHAPTER 11—DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Under the "spoils system" Andrew Jackson replaced nearly all executive appointees during his terms in office. chose the best qualified for political positions, regardless of their political affiliation. avoided selecting wealthy men for political office. was decidedly partisan. all of the above. D Most Difficult p. 347 Analytical 1 Senator ____ proposed an amendment to Missouri's application for statehood that forbade slavery in the state. Martin Van Buren David Wilmot Henry Clay Stephen Douglas James Tallmadge E Average p. 339 Factual 1 The so-called Thomas Proviso stated that slavery would be forever forbidden in the state of Missouri. each slave would count as three-fifths of a white person for purposes of representation. slavery would be outlawed in territories north of a line extending from the southern border of Missouri to Spanish territory. citizens of a territory could decide for themselves whether to permit slavery. slavery would be forbidden throughout the Louisiana Territory. C Average p. 340 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not a cause of the Panic of 1819? recovery of European agriculture in the early nineteenth century. overexpansion of credit by American bankers. underproduction by American farmers. the hoarding of available specie by European nations. revolution and war had cut off the supply of precious metals from Peru and Mexico. C Average p. 340-341 Analytical 1 The winner of the crowded presidential election of 1824 was Henry Clay. Andrew Jackson. John Quincy Adams. William Crawford. James Monroe. C Least Difficult p. 342 Factual 1 The winner of the popular vote in the election of 1824, though not the victor in the election, was Henry Clay. Andrew Jackson. John Quincy Adams. William Crawford. James Monroe. B Least Difficult p. 342 Factual 1 The "corrupt bargain" of 1824 refers to the deal made between which two statesmen? Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren James Monroe and John Quincy Adams C Average p. 342-343 Factual 1 The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States opposed the independence of the new Latin American republics. the United States was opposed to any further European attempt at colonization in the Americas. the United States could not colonize or annex new territory. the United States would take control of the new Latin American republics. Europe was opposed to any further U.S. expansion in Latin America. B Average p. 344 Analytical 1 The author of the Monroe Doctrine was James Monroe. John Quincy Adams. Martin Van Buren. Henry Clay. Andrew Jackson. B Average p. 344 Factual 1 John Quincy Adams's ambitious program for national development called for which of the following? federal money for roads and canals federal money for a national university a high tariff a national astronomical observatory all of the above E Average p. 344 Factual 1 The Indian Removal Act of 1830 stated that Native Americans needed to be removed to west of the Mississippi River. needed to be removed, but with no clear destination. needed to be removed to reservations in Canada. needed to be removed to California. were entitled to remain on their ancestral lands. A Least Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 In ____, the Supreme Court argued that Georgia state law had no authority over the Indian nations within the state's boundaries. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Gibbons v. Ogden Worcester v. Georgia Jackson v. Georgia Marbury v. Madison C Average p. 349 Factual 1 The Tariff of 1828 was known throughout the South as the tariff of horror. hope. abominations. dependence. absurdity. C Least Difficult p. 350 Factual 1 The primary defender of the right of "nullification" was Henry Clay. Daniel Webster. Martin Van Buren. John C. Calhoun. Andrew Jackson. D Least Difficult p. 350 Factual 1 The "Force Bill" refers to Andrew Jackson's attempt to remove the Cherokee Indians. reorganize his cabinet. destroy the Second Bank of the United States. impose martial law whenever he desired. prevent South Carolina from nullifying the tariff. E Average p. 351 Factual 1 The "Gag Rule" refers to the congressional attempt to avoid discussing which issue? Indian removal nullification tariffs slavery Sunday mail deliveries D Least Difficult p. 353 Factual 1 Which of the following did Andrew Jackson hate most? the Second Bank of the United States the House of Representatives the Senate the Supreme Court the Democratic party A Least Difficult p. 354 Factual 1 The president of the Second Bank of the United States was Nicholas Biddle. Amos Kendall. Frank Blair, Jr. Daniel Webster. Henry Clay. A Least Difficult p. 354 Factual 1 The political party that emerged in the 1830s to oppose Andrew Jackson was the ____ Party. Republican Federalist Whig Know-Nothing Socialist C Least Difficult p. 355 Factual 1 The issue that led to the final and complete break between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the tariff of 1830. "nullification." the Peggy Eaton affair. Indian removal. the Bank of the U.S. C Average p. 352 Factual 1 The treaty that acquired Florida for the United States was the Rush-Bagot Treaty. British-American Convention. Adams-Onis Treaty. Treaty of Paris. Treaty of Florida. C Average p. 344 Factual 1 Jacksonian Democrats viewed the "American System" as the most efficient approach to solving the nation's economic and political problems. an unconstitutional violation of local, state, and citizen rights. a means of reducing sectional tensions and calming the fears of southern slave owners. a tax-reform policy that would benefit honest citizens and impoverished politicians. socialism. B Most Difficult p. 335 Analytical 1 In the Missouri Compromise, slavery was outlawed in the Louisiana territory. the morality of slavery was not addressed. Missouri was admitted to the union as a free state. citizens could decide for themselves whether to permit slavery. the entry of Maine to the union was delayed five years. B Average p. 339 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson's popularity was confined to remote areas of the South. a result of his reputation for calm and peaceful resolution of problems. based in part on his image as a forceful and exciting military hero. dependent upon his avoidance of partisan political disputes. destroyed when he vetoed the Bank. C Average p. 342 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding John Quincy Adams are true except he was the son of Federalist President John Adams. served with distinction as secretary of state for James Monroe. negotiated the treaty by which the United States acquired Florida. opposed federal support for internal improvements. supported a strong national government. D Most Difficult p. 344 Factual 1 The Democratic Party supported both agrarian democratic principles and the continuation of southern slavery. favored strict limitations on voting rights. was similar in policy and constituencies to the Federalist Party. was almost destroyed by the election of 1828. was organized to oppose Andrew Jackson. A Average p. 345 Factual 1 The election of 1828 was one of the dullest and most uninteresting campaigns in U.S. history. noteworthy because of the civility and lofty intellectual tone of its political debates. the first election that included a popular vote for presidential electors. decided by the House of Representatives. marred by a smear campaign that turned Andrew Jackson's private life into a public issue. E Most Difficult p. 345 Analytical 1 The phrase "the spoils system" referred to corrupt politicians who spoiled the public image of national office holders. the government agency set up to regulate garbage collection and disposal. Andrew Jackson's use of presidential appointive powers to reward his supporters with government jobs. Martin Van Buren's efforts to ruin the relationship between Jackson and John C. Calhoun. the bargain made between Clay and Adams in the election of 1824. C Average p. 347 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson's Indian policy protected the sovereign rights of Indian nations within their own territories. openly violated Supreme Court rulings by allowing state governments to encroach on Indian land. increased the size of Indian reservations as a reward for tribal support in the War of 1812. terminated the reservations and assimilated Indians into white society. was based on the assumption that all Indians would ultimately have to be killed. B Most Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 Southern states opposed the tariff of 1828 because it unfairly taxed southern agricultural products. lowered the price of most manufactured goods. violated the states' constitutional right to control intrastate trade. benefited northern and western farmers at the expense of export-driven southern producers. benefited British merchants at their expense. D Most Difficult p. 350 Factual 1 In response to the nullification crisis, Andrew Jackson asserted the inviolability of the union and of federal control of tariffs and other matters of foreign policy. defended the states' rights position that states were the ultimate judges of constitutional principles. challenged John C. Calhoun to a duel. demanded that Congress enact an even higher new tariff. became best friends with Calhoun. A Average p. 351 Factual 1 The relationship between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was ruined by all except which of the following? Calhoun's support of the concepts of nullification and secession a letter revealing that Calhoun had criticized Jackson's invasion of Florida in 1818 Calhoun's participation in the dirty political campaign of 1818 Floride Calhoun's rude treatment of the Eatons Calhoun's vote against Van Buren's diplomatic appointment. C Most Difficult p. 350-353 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson criticized the Bank because he believed that it benefited northern and foreign investors at the expense of southern and western farmers. was too liberal with its loan policies. did not exercise enough centralized control over the monetary system. charged excessive interest rates. benefited plantation owners more than small farmers. A Most Difficult p. 354-355 Analytical 1 The political party system that emerged in 1840 included a regional alignment in which the South voted for the Democrats and the North voted for the Whigs. the destruction of the two-party system and the emergence of numerous independent parties. increased public interest in politics as indicated by extremely high voter turnout. increasingly unstable, unpredictable, and violent political contests. no national political party. C Most Difficult p. 359 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not among the Civilized Tribes? Creeks Iroquois Seminoles Cherokees Choctaw B Most Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 The great depression of 1837 occurred during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Martin Van Buren. William Henry Harrison. Henry Clay. John Quincy Adams. B Average p. 357 Factual 1 Martin Van Buren's plan to develop an independent financial system to avoid the federal government's dependence on banks was known as the Third Bank of the United States. the independent treasury. the Federal Reserve system. the "minitreasury." reform banks. B Average p. 358 Factual 1 The election of 1840 pitted which two candidates against each other? Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay Martin Van Buren and Henry Clay Martin Van Buren and William Henry Harrison Henry Clay and John Tyler Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams C Average p. 358 Factual 1 Who of the following was not a Whig candidate for president in 1836? Henry Clay Daniel Webster Hugh Lawson White William Henry Harrison none of the above A Least Difficult p. 357 Factual 1 In 1824 Andrew Jackson believed that the American republic had failed. needed to be governed by the educated elite. had proven to be a stunning success. should follow the British parliamentary model. was in danger. E Most Difficult p. 343 Analytical 1 Andrew Jackson carried all of the following states in the presidential election of 1824 except Indiana. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. New York. Illinois. D Average p. 342 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson's inaugural address proposed all of the following except civil service reform. retiring the national debt. removal of Indians from eastern states to western reservations. respect for states' rights. caution with regard to the tariff. C Average p. 346 Factual 1 Which of the following occurred in 1819? Adams-Onis Treaty Rush-Bagot Treaty Monroe Doctrine British-American Convention none of the above A Most Difficult p. 344 Factual 1 John Quincy Adams's nationalistic program included all of the following except a national university. a national astronomical observatory. a national language. nationally financed roads and canals. a protective tariff. C Most Difficult p. 344 Analytical 1 Voter turnout in the election of 1828 was ____ that of 1824. one-quarter one-half triple double ten times D Most Difficult p. 346 Factual 1 Voter turnout in the election of 1840 was ____ percent of the eligible voters. 78 69 81 75 50 A Least Difficult p. 360 Factual 1 Newspaper estimates put the number of citizens who came to Washington to witness Andrew Jackson's inauguration at 1,000 to 2,000. 5,000 to 10,000. 15,000 to 20,000. 25,000 to 30,000. 35,000 to 40,000. C Average p. 346 Factual 1 Which of the following states did not extend its control over Indian lands and deny federal jurisdiction? Florida Georgia Alabama Mississippi none of the above A Average p. 349 Factual 1 Which of the following did not occur during Andrew Jackson's first term as president? the controversy over the spoils system the nullification crisis the struggle over Indian removal the veto of the Bank bill the creation of the Whig Party E Most Difficult p. 355 Factual 1 The free state admitted to the Union as part of the Missouri Compromise was Illinois. Iowa. Maine. Ohio. Missouri. C Average p. 340 Factual 1 Jacksonian democracy can best be understood as the inheritance of the old Hamiltonian emphasis on federal power. F Least Difficult p. 335 Analytical 1 The victor of the 1828 presidential election was John Quincy Adams. F Most Difficult p. 346 Factual 1 The "Trail of Tears" refers to the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). T Least Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 The postal campaign was halted by a federal censorship law. F Least Difficult p. 353 Factual 1 The man most responsible for resolving the "nullification" crisis of 1830 was John C. Calhoun. F Most Difficult p. 350 Factual 1 An important component of Andrew Jackson's vision for America was to use federal money to build large transportation systems throughout the United States. F Average p. 354 Analytical 1 The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the union, but forbade slavery in any state carved out of the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri. F Average p. 340 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson supported evangelicals' efforts in 1828 and 1829 to stop movement of the mail on Sundays. F Most Difficult p. 353 Factual 1 Many northerners opposed the admission of Missouri to the Union because they feared it would increase the power of the slave states in Congress. T Average p. 339 Factual 1 The Panic of 1819 was the first nationwide failure of the market economy. T Average p. 341 Factual 1 In the election of 1824, Martin Van Buren was the only candidate for the vice presidency. F Average p. 341 Factual 1 Andrew Jackson believed that his wife's death was caused by the campaign tactics of his political opponents. T Average p. 346 Factual 1 John C. Calhoun's last exercise of national power was blocking Martin Van Buren's appointment as minister to Great Britain. T Average p. 353 Factual 1 The first presidential election in which national, not sectional, alignments determined the outcome was the election of 1840. T Most Difficult p. 359 Factual 1 Democrats feared that an activist federal government might threaten the slaveholding South. T Average p. 335 Factual 1 The Sioux participated in the "Trail of Tears." F Average p. 349 Factual 1 Congressional debates on the Missouri question largely ignored the morality of slavery. T Average p. 339 Analytical 1 Voting on the Tallmadge amendments was starkly sectional. T Least Difficult p. 339 Factual 1 Congress admitted Missouri as a slave state with little debate. F Average p. 340 Factual 1 Thomas Jefferson was deeply concerned about the implications of the Missouri Compromise. T Most Difficult p. 340 Analytical 1 European demand for American agriculture increased after the Napoleonic wars. F Average p. 340 Analytical 1 South Carolina opposed the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 but never attempted to nullify them. F Most Difficult p. 351 Factual 1 By 1820, many Republicans were calling for a Jeffersonian revival that would limit governmental power and guarantee southern rights within the Union. T Most Difficult p. 340 Analytical 1 Andrew Jackson believed that the republic was safe only when governed by the will of the majority. T Least Difficult p. 343 Analytical 1 Indian removal announced Andrew Jackson's commitment to federal authority and limited state power. F Most Difficult p. 349 Analytical 1 The Democratic Party linked popular democracy with the defense of southern slavery. T Least Difficult p. 345 Analytical 1 John C. Calhoun did not wish to stay on as vice president as the election of 1828 approached. F Most Difficult p. 353 Factual 1 John Quincy Adams did extensive campaigning in the election of 1828. F Average p. 345 Factual 1 The presidential campaign of 1828 was run cleanly and was free of dirty tricks or slanderous accusations. F Least Difficult p. 345 Factual 1 Vice President John C. Calhoun and Secretary of State Martin Van Buren had the same position on the right of states to secede. F Most Difficult p. 349 Analytical 1 Andrew Jackson supported the Civilized Tribes against state governments that wanted to seize control of their lands. F Average p. 349 Analytical 1 The tariff of 1828 was primarily designed as a revenue-raising measure. F Most Difficult p. 350 Analytical 1 Jackson's veto message surprised the Bank of the United States' supporters. F Least Difficult p. 354 Factual 1 The Bank and Jackson's veto message were the principal issues in the election of 1832. T Average p. 355 Factual 1 Slaveholding Missouri was the first new state to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. T Average p. 340 Factual 1 In 1819, the North held a majority in the House of Representatives. T Least Difficult p. 339 Factual 1 It was not clear until the last minute that the election of 1828 would be between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. F Least Difficult p. 345 Factual 1 President Jackson supported South Carolina's attempt to nullify the tariff. F Least Difficult p. 351 Factual 1 The Panic of 1819 had no impact on Philadelphia. F Average p. 340 Analytical 1 Many Americans were grateful to the Bank of the United States for its assertive and positive response to the Panic of 1819 that mitigated the damage of the economic downturn. F Average p. 340 Analytical 1 Andrew Jackson is considered responsible for instituting the so-called ____________________, which allowed the winners of elections to promote loyal supporters to high office. spoils system Average p. 347 Factual 1 0 The author of the pro-nullification tract Exposition and Protest was ____________________. John C. Calhoun Most Difficult p. 350 Factual 1 0 The man who received the most popular votes in the election of 1824 was ____________________. Andrew Jackson Average p. 342 Factual 1 0 The attempt to silence anti-slavery petitions in Congress was known as the ____________________ rule. gag Least Difficult p. 353 Factual 1 0 Critics of Martin Van Buren poked fun at him by calling him "Martin Van ____________________." ruin Least Difficult p. 357 Factual 1 0 ____________________ scored huge gains in the midterm elections of 1838. Whigs Average p. 356 Factual 1 0 The marriage of ____________________ to Jackson's secretary of war caused a national scandal that disrupted the administration. Peggy (O'Neal Timberlake) Eaton Average p. 351 Factual 1 0 The crucial year for the formation of Jacksonian democracy was ____________________. 1819 Least Difficult p. 339 Factual 1 0 ____________________ applied in 1819 to become the first new state to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. Missouri Average p. 339 Factual 1 0 The Thomas Proviso opened ____________________ Territory to slavery. Arkansas Least Difficult p. 340 Factual 1 0 Unemployment in Philadelphia during the Panic of 1819 hit ____________________ percent. 75 Average p. 340 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the driving force behind the creation of the Democratic Party. Martin Van Buren Average p. 341 Analytical 1 0 Martin Van Buren supported ____________________ in the election of 1824. William H. Crawford Average p. 341 Factual 1 0 In 1828, Andrew Jackson ran strongly in every region but ____________________. New England Least Difficult p. 346 Factual 1 0 Jackson won ____________________ percent of the popular vote in 1828. 56 Average p. 346 Factual 1 0 Resistance to federal authority to formulate Indian policy within individual states centered in ____________________. Georgia Least Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 0 The creation of the second party system was complete in the election of ____________________. 1840 Average p. 359 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was president during the Trail of Tears. Martin Van Buren Average p. 349 Factual 1 0 Georgia's dispute over state power over Indian groups focused on the ____________________. Cherokees Least Difficult p. 349 Factual 1 0 The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Worcester v. Georgia decision was ____________________. John Marshall Average p. 349 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the strongest card held by southern extremists. Nullification Average p. 350-351 Analytical 1 0 The secretary of the treasury who ordered the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States was ____________________. Roger B. Taney Average p. 355 Factual 1 0 ____________________ led the campaign in the Senate to censure Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay Average p. 356 Factual 1 0 When Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to win the presidential election for John Quincy Adams in 1824, Andrew Jackson's supporters labeled their alliance a ____________________. corrupt bargain Average p. 342 Factual 1 0 The Treaty that acquired Florida for the United States was the ____________________ Treaty. Adams-Onis Most Difficult p. 344 Factual 1 0 Author of the Monroe Doctrine was ____________________. John Quincy Adams Most Difficult p. 344 Factual 1 0 John Quincy Adams was elected president by the ____________________. House of Representatives Least Difficult p. 342 Factual 1 0 President Van Buren's plan for the divorce of government from the banking system was known as the ____________________. Independent Treasury Average p. 358 Factual 1 0 The man who ran for President on the Log Cabin campaign was ____________________. William Henry Harrison Least Difficult p. 359 Factual 1 0 ____________________, vice presidential candidate in 1840, had joined the Whig Party because of his opposition to Jackson. John Tyler Average p. 358 Factual 1 0 Trail of Tears: the forced march of the Cherokee Indians off their homeland to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Some four thousand Cherokees (one-fourth of those who embarked) died on the march. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 nullification: political theory proposed by John C. Calhoun that argued a state convention had the right to "nullify" (declare null and void) a federal law within its borders. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Martin Van Buren: eighth president of the United States. Most memorable, however, for his expert organization of the Democratic Party in the years of Jackson's presidency. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 force bill: bill passed by Congress allowing President Jackson to use military force, if necessary, to force South Carolina not to nullify various tariffs. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Quincy Adams: sixth president of the United States. Won the election of 1824 even though he did not win the popular vote. Generally unsuccessful term. Defeated by Andrew Jackson in 1828. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Peggy Timberlake Eaton: pretty, flirtatious daughter of a Washington tavern owner. Gossips linked her with Jackson's friend Henry Eaton. When Peggy's first husband committed suicide and Peggy quickly married John Eaton, the rumors seemed to be confirmed. Cabinet wives snubbed Peggy, and Jackson split his administration by defending her. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 corrupt bargain: alleged to have been struck between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the election of 1824. In exchange for Clay's support once the election had gone to the House of Representatives, Adams supposedly promised to appoint Clay secretary of state. After Adams won and did make Clay secretary of state, his opponents, led by Andrew Jackson (who had won the popular vote), denounced the "corrupt bargain" that had stolen the election for Adams. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 kitchen cabinet: unofficial group of advisers to Andrew Jackson that emerged in the wake of the cabinet shake up that followed the Peggy Eaton controversy. Included journalists Amos Kendall and Francis Preston Blair, along with Martin Van Buren and a few others. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 gag rule: procedure employed between 1836 and 1844 in Congress to avoid discussing the slavery issue. Involved tabling antislavery petitions sent by the general public without even reading them. Passed by southerners with the help of most northern Democrats. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Examine the war between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States. From Jackson's time as a backwoods speculator and soldier, he always had a profound distrust of banks and banking institutions. He had significant reservations about the mammoth Second Bank of the United States. This bank, a quasi-federal institution (in the sense that it was federally chartered, though still a private bank), wielded enormous power over the nation's economy--a power that was wielded under the tutelage of Nicholas Biddle, the bank's president. The Second Bank was not only a repository for government money, but also acted as a check on the overly speculative interests of the various state banks and private banks. Jackson made clear that he would attempt to deny the rechartering of the Second Bank before the expiration of its 1836 charter. Proponents of the bank--including Biddle and the Whig candidate for president, Henry Clay--proposed making rechartering the paramount issue of the 1832 election. They did, and Jackson won by a landslide. Whether or not the American people gave Jackson a mandate with this action, he certainly saw this as the case and began withdrawing federal monies from the bank, depositing them in the so-called pet banks. This action, in conjunction with Biddle's attempt to call in state loans, led directly to the Panic of 1837. But the "monster" bank was in the end destroyed and, in popular tradition, if not fully in fact, a major democratic victory occurred. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the Indian Removal of the 1830s--what were the reasons for the removal? What were the repercussions? Following the War of 1812 and the general defeat of the Woodland Indians that occurred at that time, many white Americans believed that general removal of eastern Indians across the Mississippi would occur. Judging from his actions before becoming president, it is clear that Andrew Jackson was a firm believer in this idea as well. With his election to office in 1818, Jackson made it clear that the removal of the Creek and Cherokee Nations, among other civilized tribes, was one of his primary goals. This plan of removal was made law in the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which, in essence, called for the removal of Indians to reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). In the state of Georgia, the process of removal began before the federal government could act. There, the discovery of gold led Georgians to expel Indians from the land. Although the Supreme Court argued that Georgia had no jurisdiction over the matter, President Jackson refused to interfere. This set the removal process into action. Ultimately, it was Martin Van Buren who oversaw the final removal of Indians from the Southeast. Of particular note was the "Trail of Tears," the forced march of 18,000 Cherokees from Georgia. One-fourth of those who marched (men, women, and children) died en route. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was the American System? Describe opponents and proponents of this system of national development. The American System was primarily a plan of national economic development that owed much to the Hamiltonian plan of the 1790s. Essentially, the system argued for an activist federal government, one that aggressively promoted economic and commercial development. The major proposals of this system, of which Henry Clay was the leading spokesperson, were high tariffs to protect developing industry and to generate revenue, money allocated for internal improvements (roads, turnpikes, and canals), and the continued support of a strong national banking system that would be receptive to business interests. Quite possibly, the most important action taken by President John Quincy Adams during his one term in office was the strong executive support he gave to this system. At this time, however, much of the nation was opposed to this type of development. The opposition, centered around Jackson, occurred for several reasons. First, on a theoretical level, many Americans, only one generation removed from the Revolution, were steeped in republican theory, which had grave reservations about unrestrained commercial development, national debts, and the type of greedy, ant republican society that might emerge with a bigger government. On a more practical level, most of the nation was still overwhelmingly agrarian and had little interest in promoting the development of industrial-financial institutions of which they were already suspicious. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the election of 1824. Why was it so controversial? The 1824 election was unique in American history for a variety of reasons. First, four major candidates ran for the presidency: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford. Each had significant sectional support--only Crawford had a more national background. The results of the popular vote were clear. Andrew Jackson had won the election handily. But because there were four candidates, the electoral vote was divided several different ways, and Jackson was over thirty electoral votes short of an electoral majority. Having won over 40 percent of the popular vote, many thought Jackson deserved to win the election. As prescribed in the Constitution, the House of Representatives was to decide the outcome of the election. Once in the House, all previous calculations were thrown out. Crawford, who had suffered a stroke, and Clay, who had come in third, both were eliminated. Clay, however, had enough support in the House to throw the election to Adams, which he did. Even though he only had won 33 percent of the popular vote, Adams was appointed president by the House of Representatives. Jackson and his supporters were outraged. Their belief that a dirty deal had been worked out between Adams and Clay was all but confirmed when Adams, in one of his first official acts, appointed Clay secretary of state. These actions motivated Jacksonians--they resolved never to let an election slip away again. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the emergence of the second American Party system. The years 1828 through 1840 were, at the level of national politics, more or less controlled by Andrew Jackson and his supporters, although a lively opposition existed. Throughout these years, however, elections revealed significant changes in voter constituencies and regional support. In 1828, when Jackson was elected, his support clearly came from the South and West. His opponents were strongest in the mid-Atlantic states and in the Northeast. Over the course of the Jackson years (including the presidency of Van Buren), new alignments emerged and offered new possibilities for political coalitions. During the 1830s, Jackson's support in the Northeast grew, but, because of his various southern policies (most notably his stance during the nullification crisis), he lost support in the South. The 1836 election between Martin Van Buren and three opposition candidates revealed the extent of the realignment, since support for the two opposing parties was general throughout. It was the election of 1840, however, that revealed the emergence of two national, opposing political parties. William Henry Harrison and Van Buren contested the election in every state and received equal support in both the slave and the free states. A national, two-party system emerged. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What were the "Petticoat Wars" of Jackson's presidency? What were the results of these disputes? The atmosphere of slander and character assassination that permeated the election of 1828 continued into the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Jackson's close friend, John Henry Eaton, was linked in rumor with a young married woman named Peggy O'Neal Timberlake. When Peggy's husband committed suicide, Washington gossips blamed John Eaton. Suspicions appeared confirmed by the unseemly haste with which Peggy and John married. Jackson gave his blessing to the union and named John Eaton secretary of war. Thus Peggy Eaton became a cabinet wife. Washington socialites, led by Vice President John C. Calhoun's wife Floride, refused to associate with a fallen woman like Peggy and attempted to ostracize the Eatons. Many cabinet members and even Jackson's nephew Andrew Jackson Donelson and his family snubbed the secretary of war and his wife. Jackson bitterly remembered the false accusations and distortions leveled at his beloved Rachel in 1828 and vowed to protect Peggy Eaton from similar mudslinging. The petticoat war helped split Jackson's administration into warring factions. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, a widower, used the Eaton controversy to discredit Calhoun and to solidify a close relationship with the president. Eventually most of Jackson's cabinet resigned; Jackson's "White House Family" was sent back to Tennessee; Van Buren replaced Calhoun as vice president in 1932; and Peggy Eaton became the hostess at official presidential social functions. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the origin of the spoils system. Were the criticisms of Jackson's appointment policies justified? When Jackson was elected president, he rewarded his friends and supporters by giving them government jobs. Some of his appointees, such as Secretary of War Martin Van Buren, were competent and experienced, but others were merely political opportunists. Jackson was determined to reform the civil service and to remove those office holders he considered competitionists. He also used his appointment powers to punish those who sided with John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828 and who were, in Jackson's opinion, partially responsible for the death of Rachel Jackson. Unfortunately some of the president's replacements were themselves incompetent grafters. Jackson considered his patronage policy a reform measure that would eliminate lazy bureaucrats who expected lifetime jobs. Nine out of ten officeholders remained in their positions, thus complaints about executive excesses were exaggerated. The president clearly surrounded himself with loyal Democratic supporters. When critics complained that Jackson had turned the civil service into a branch of the Democratic Party, one of the president's appointees replied "to the victor belong the spoils." TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the Missouri Compromise. What were the issues at stake, and how were they resolved? Essay should address several key points: A. Missouri's application for statehood 1. Existence of slavery in Missouri Territory a. Northern fear of a new southern-voting state b. Tallmadge amendment to Missouri's application 2. Application of Maine as a free state a. Constructed from Massachusetts b. Maine and Missouri would keep relative balance in Senate B. Thomas Proviso 1. North would admit Missouri as a slave state 2. South would agree to outlaw slavery in the territories north of 36° 30' 3. Both parts of the package would be voted on together C. Congressional vote 1. Two parts of Thomas Proviso divided a. Vote in Congress close b. Slavery outlawed north of 36° 30' with large majority c. Fourteen northern congressmen support Missouri's admission 2. Not truly a debate on slavery a. Vote reveals tension over South's power in federal government b. Harbinger of future conflicts
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Analyze the "nullification" controversy of 1830. Who were the primary figures involved, and how did this controversy represent significantly different viewpoints on the power of the federal government? Essay should address several key points: A. Tariff of 1828 1. Tariff of abominations a. Southern anger over high tariff b. Threat to avoid enforcement B. Calhoun and nullification 1. Idea of nullification a. Based on Jefferson and Madison's Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions b. John C. Calhoun's Exposition and Protest 2. Nullification crisis a. South Carolina nullifies tariff b. Clear assertion of states' rights theory C. Jackson and Force Bill 1. Jackson prepared to use military to protect federal power a. Exertion of federal authority b. No other southern state aids South Carolina 2. Henry Clay and compromise a. South Carolina rescinds ordinance of nullification b. Tariff revised downward
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 What was "Jacksonian democracy"? Explore the ideals of this movement in their political, social, and economic realms. Essay should address several key points: A. Political aspects of Jacksonian democracy 1. Changes in politics a. Rise of caucus system b. Increase in the franchise c. Spoils system 2. Second American Party system a. Competitive politics on national scale b. Two national competitive parties B. Social aspects of Jacksonian democracy 1. Rise of middle class a. New economic possibilities b. New value and belief systems 2. Return to ideals of Jeffersonian democracy a. Emphasis on republicanism b. Opposed to powerful state-commercial relationship C. Economic aspects of Jacksonian democracy 1. Bank war a. Assault on privilege b. Impetus to middle-class development 2. Opposed to government aid for special privilege a. Maysville Road veto b. Downward-revised tariffs
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the ideals, policies, and consequences of the Bank War. Essay should address several key points: A. Philosophy 1. Agrarian republicanism a. Paper economy versus real work b. Opposition to American system 2. Market economists a. Activist government policies b. Federally supported improvements B. The Second Bank of the United States 1. Origin a. Chartered by Congress in 1816 b. Repository of federal revenues c. Control of interest rates and currency 2. Debate over recharter of the bank a. Clay's, Webster's, and Biddle's views b. Jackson's criticism C. The Bank War 1. Jackson's attack a. Veto of the Bank Bill b. Withdrawal of deposits c. Establishment of pet banks 2. Response of supporters a. Creation of Whig party b. Biddle demands loan repayment c. Deposit Act of 1836 3. Consequences a. Specie Circular of 1836 b. Collapse of inflationary boom c. Panic and depression in 1837 d. "Martin Van Ruin"
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1