-176596 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp

Times 1 14 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 12 #000000 1 8 #000000 Instructions: Identify the following term(s). The principal author of the Bill of Rights was James Madison. Thomas Jefferson. Ben Franklin. Alexander Hamilton. George Washington. A Least Difficult p. 227 Factual 1 In Alexander Hamilton's Report on ____, the treasury secretary urged Congress to assume state debts and combine them with the government's foreign debt. Manufactures Public Credit Tariffs State Debts National Debt B Least Difficult p. 228 Factual 1 Each of the following was a part of the Hamiltonian Plan except a national bank. a tariff. funding of the debt. building a turnpike. assuming state debts. D Average p. 228-229 Factual 1 "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeated the northwestern Indian tribes at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Thames. Fallen Timbers. Fort Mims. New Orleans. C Least Difficult p. 232 Factual 1 The first contested presidential election in the United States was in 1788. 1792. 1796. 1800. 1804. C Least Difficult p. 235 Factual 1 The Alien and Sedition Acts contained each of the following except an extension of the naturalization period for immigrants. a provision that allowed the president to deport aliens deemed dangerous to the United States. a provision allowing the states to nullify federal laws. a provision setting jail terms for those who spoke "maliciously" against the president. a provision setting jail terms and fines for those who advocated disobedience to federal law. C Average p. 236 Factual 1 The Virginia and Kentucky Resolves were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts gave the national government powers not mentioned in the Constitution. asserted that states could invalidate or nullify federal laws. interpreted the constitution as a compact between states. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 236-237 Factual 1 Which of the following best describes John Adams's term in office? It was successful. It was embattled. It was uneventful. It was successful domestically but unsuccessful in foreign affairs. It united the Federalist Party but led to intense opposition from the Republicans. B Average p. 235-236 Analytical 1 The winner of the presidential election of 1800 was James Madison. John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. James Monroe. Aaron Burr. C Least Difficult p. 237 Factual 1 In the court case ____, the Supreme Court ruled that only the Supreme Court itself could declare acts of Congress to be unconstitutional. Gibbons v. Ogden Dartmouth v. Woodward Brown v. Board of Education McCullogh v. Maryland Marbury v. Madison E Average p. 241 Factual 1 The Louisiana Territory was purchased from Spain. Great Britain. Portugal. France. Native Americans. D Least Difficult p. 242 Factual 1 The British Orders in Council (1806) attempted to stop world shipping with which nation? France United States Spain Russia Brazil. A Average p. 245 Factual 1 The Embargo Act (1807) cut off U.S. shipping with England. France. France and England. Spain and Portugal. foreign countries. E Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 The congressional group that forcefully advocated war with Great Britain in 1812 was known as the Red Sticks. War Hawks. War Doves. Red Coats. Minutemen. B Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 James Madison's war message listed all except which of the following as reasons for the War of 1812? U.S. interest in acquiring Canada attacks on U.S. shipping impressment of U.S. seamen use of foreign spies and provocations in the United States British influence over western Indians. A Most Difficult p. 247 Analytical 1 Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames. Detroit. Lake Erie. New Orleans. Baltimore. A Least Difficult p. 251 Factual 1 Which of the following was not a resolution of the Hartford Convention? to remove the "three-fifths clause" from the Constitution to deny the right of naturalized citizens to hold office to end the War of 1812 immediately to make it increasingly difficult for a new state to enter the union to require two-thirds majority of both houses to declare war C Average p. 252-253 Factual 1 The Treaty of Ghent (1814), ending the War of 1812, can be best described as a British victory. an American victory. a draw. all of the above. an Indian victory. C Least Difficult p. 254 Analytical 1 One of the most peculiar aspects of the Battle of New Orleans was that the Americans suffered no casualties. Native Americans were responsible for the U.S. victory. the city was not captured even though it was a British victory. it was unclear who won. it occurred after the war had ended. E Least Difficult p. 252 Factual 1 The hero of the Battle of New Orleans was William Henry Harrison. James Monroe. Andrew Jackson. Ulysses S. Grant. Tecumseh. C Least Difficult p. 252 Factual 1 The man most responsible for the establishment of the system of government finance was James Madison. George Washington. Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson. Henry Knox. C Average p. 228 Analytical 1 Which of the following is not true about the Whiskey Rebellion? It was fought over the tax on whiskey. It was quelled by Washington and twelve thousand militia men. It was centered in rural New York. It was seen as a challenge to the power of the federal government. President Washington pardoned the rebels. C Average p. 232 Factual 1 The political party that formed around Washington and Hamilton in the 1790s was the ____ party. Federalist Democratic Republican National Republican Anti-Federalist Whig. A Least Difficult p. 225 Factual 1 The authors of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves were Ben Franklin and John Adams. George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Patrick Henry and Sam Adams. C Average p. 236 Factual 1 The Lewis and Clark expedition was partly guided by the Indian Pocahontas. Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa. Sacajawea. Red Sticks. D Least Difficult p. 244 Factual 1 Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans favored promoting the revolutionary concepts of limited government. establishing stronger ties with England instead of France. the economic interests of merchants, bankers, and businessmen. expanding the power of the national government. a national government with no executive leader. A Average p. 225 Analytical 1 The debate over the president's title was many weeks long. settled by the Constitution, which outlawed titles of all kinds. not resolved until after Washington's administration had ended. started by Jefferson who favored the title "His Elective Highness." settled by popular ballot. A Average p. 226 Analytical 1 The First Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed no cruel and unusual punishment. voting rights for white adult men. freedom of speech, press, and religion. the right to bear arms. the right to trial by jury. C Least Difficult p. 227 Factual 1 The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided that all Supreme Court cases must originate in federal circuit courts. gave Congress the power to remove federal judges from office. established a six-member Supreme Court and set up the federal district and circuit court system. was the most important piece of legislation passed during Washington's presidency. gave Congress the power to appoint Supreme Court justices. C Average p. 228 Factual 1 Alexander Hamilton can be best described as a modest, mild-mannered man who shied away from confrontations and arguments. a brilliant, ambitious, aggressive, arrogant economist. the least influential of Washington's cabinet members. so unpopular that Washington limited his public appearances and social activities. a supporter of Jefferson's political ideology. B Most Difficult p. 228 Analytical 1 Many states opposed federal assumption of state debts because most northern states had already paid their debts and saw the assumption plan as a southern plot to increase their power. the debt was so high that paying it would bankrupt the nation. most of the money would go to western states that had not been fiscally responsible during the war. it would be easier to repudiate the entire debt and start with "a clean slate." most southern states had already paid their debts and did not want to pay off the debts of others. E Most Difficult p. 228 Analytical 1 The purpose of the excise tax on whiskey was to prevent a political uprising in the west. cut down on alcohol consumption in the United States. establish the federal government's right to pass and collect internal taxes. drive the small independent whiskey producers out of business. solidify support for the Republican party. C Most Difficult p. 229 Analytical 1 Which of the following accurately contrasts the views of Hamilton and Jefferson? Hamilton wanted to expand federal power; Jefferson wanted to limit it. Hamilton protected the interests of working-class citizens; Jefferson protected the wealthy planters and merchants. Hamilton's support came from the South and West; Jefferson's from the Northeast. Hamilton patterned his program after the French model; Jefferson copied the English system. Hamilton upheld the ideals of the Revolution; Jefferson emphasized the need for law and order. A Most Difficult p. 229 Analytical 1 Citizen Edmond Genêt caused trouble during Washington's presidency by sending privateers to attack English ships and threatening to attack Spanish New Orleans. refusing to sell New Orleans to the United States. openly flirting with Martha Washington at state parties. offering bribes to congressmen in return for state secrets. threatening to assassinate President Washington. A Average p. 232 Factual 1 In Pinckney's Treaty, the Spanish reasserted claims to Kentucky and Tennessee. offered military assistance in fighting the Indian confederation in the Northwest Territory. gave the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River. closed the port of New Orleans to U.S. commerce. surrendered Florida to the U.S. C Most Difficult p. 234 Factual 1 In his Farewell Address, George Washington encouraged healthy sectional rivalry. denounced the actions of the French Republic. obligated the United States to support antimonarchical revolutions in the Western Hemisphere. encouraged the development of political parties. warned against entangling foreign alliances and partisan domestic politics. E Average p. 234 Factual 1 The XYZ Affair took place during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. was a failed attempt by Treasury officials to embezzle public education funds. saw French officials demand a bribe in return for improving relations with the United States. was a scandal involving John Adams's secretary of war and the wife of the French ambassador. involved the British practice of impressment. C Average p. 236 Factual 1 Which of the following best describes John Adams during his presidency? He had an optimistic faith in the goodness and support of the American people. He helped pass legislation that strengthened constitutional protection of the freedoms of speech and press. He had an embattled mentality and feared he was surrounded by enemies. He was bored with dull public life and decided not to run for a second term. He united his political party and proved to be an effective leader. C Most Difficult p. 236 Analytical 1 As president, Thomas Jefferson increased the size and expense of the government. used the Sedition Act to arrest outspoken Federalist opponents. reduced the size of the army and navy and cut back on military spending. spent thousands of dollars on extravagant balls and dinner parties. rejected the opportunity to expand the territory of the U.S. C Most Difficult p. 239-240 Factual 1 The first judge to be removed from office as a result of impeachment proceedings was John Marshall. John Randolph. Samuel Chase. John Pickering. Aaron Burr. D Average p. 241 Factual 1 John Marshall was completely determined to destroy the Republican party at all costs. interested in establishing the independence and interpretative powers of the federal judiciary. a strong supporter of Adams's war with France and use of the Alien and Sedition Acts. the first Republican appointed to the Supreme Court. an opponent of the expansion of the power of the national government. B Most Difficult p. 241-242 Factual 1 The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the War of 1812. was acquired from Spain. was strongly supported by the Federalist party. was opposed by most Republicans who feared it would result in population declines east of the Mississippi. was prompted by an impending war between England and France and by a slave rebellion in Saint Dominique (Haiti). E Most Difficult p. 242-243 Factual 1 The undeclared naval war between France and the United States was focused in the North Atlantic. Caribbean. South Atlantic. Great Lakes. Pacific. B Average p. 236 Factual 1 The first controversy of the Washington administration involved the dignity to attach to the president's office. location of the nation's capital. role of the cabinet in formulating policy. name of the new country. salary to be given to the president. A Average p. 226 Factual 1 The First Congress's first action was to approve the Bill of Rights. create a federal court system. create the executive departments of War, State, and Treasury. declare war on France. pass a tariff on imports. E Average p. 227 Factual 1 Militiamen from all of the following except ____ helped to quell the Whiskey Rebellion. Maryland Virginia New York New Jersey Pennsylvania C Least Difficult p. 232 Factual 1 Which of the following is not true about the election of 1796? The major candidates campaigned in person. It resulted in the president and vice president being from different parties. Newspaper editors and foreign governments were very involved in shaping the outcome. It was decided in the states of Pennsylvania and New York. John Adams won. A Average p. 235 Factual 1 Federal assumption of the state debts would funnel money out of all of the following sections of the country except the southern states. the middle states. the northeastern states. the western states. Canada. C Average p. 228 Factual 1 Which of the following is true concerning the Alien and Sedition Acts? Many states joined Kentucky and Virginia in opposing them. The Sedition Act led to the prosecution of fourteen Federalists. They were passed by Congress at the instigation of John Adams. President Adams never used the powers granted under the Alien Act. none of the above. D Most Difficult p. 236 Factual 1 As a result of the Lewis and Clark expedition the nation was assured that Louisiana Purchase was well worth the price. Thomas Jefferson questioned the wisdom of the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis ran for president in 1808. Americans got their first knowledge of California. Jefferson's reelection was less certain. A Average p. 244 Analytical 1 As Thomas Jefferson stood for reelection in 1804, he could look back on ____ first term. an astonishingly successful a very unsuccessful a disappointing a moderately successful a violent A Least Difficult p. 244 Factual 1 The Embargo Act hurt ____ the worst. western farmers southern plantation owners northern manufacturers Native Americans the seaport cities of the northeast E Average p. 246 Factual 1 Washington and his closest advisers came to be called Washingtonians. Republicans. Federalists. Constitutionalists. Democrats. C Least Difficult p. 225 Factual 1 The new government's chief source of income was to be a tariff on imports. an income tax. harbor and customs duties. excise taxes on domestic manufactures. interest on loans. A Average p. 227 Factual 1 Citizen Edmond Genêt was a French government official who commissioned American privateers to harass British shipping. T Average p. 232 Factual 1 Thomas Jefferson was less critical than the Federalists of the French Revolution. T Average p. 231 Factual 1 Jay's Treaty was unanimously praised in the United States. F Average p. 234 Factual 1 The "undeclared war with France" was fought because France was seizing American ships that were trading with Great Britain. F Average p. 236 Analytical 1 The 1807 Embargo Act was a motivating force for American commerce. F Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 The Capitol and president's home were burned by the British during the War of 1812. T Least Difficult p. 251 Factual 1 The Whiskey Rebellion was waged because of the desire to acquire cheaper alcoholic spirits for urban laborers. F Least Difficult p. 232 Factual 1 Not one Federalist supported Madison's declaration of war in 1812. T Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 John Adams's vice president during his one term in office was his archenemy, Alexander Hamilton. F Average p. 235 Factual 1 John Adams chose the title "His Elective Highness" for the president and it is still used today. F Least Difficult p. 226 Factual 1 The choice of the site for Washington, D.C., was determined by a deal among Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson. T Average p. 230 Factual 1 Although Federalists opposed the embargo of 1807 in principle, once it went into operation they complied without exception. F Average p. 246 Analytical 1 Federal judges receive lifetime appointments and can be removed from office by impeachment only. T Average p. 240 Factual 1 The "War Hawks" were northeastern Federalists who opposed the War of 1812. F Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 "The Star-Spangled Banner" was written by William Henry Harrison during the War of 1812. F Least Difficult p. 251 Factual 1 The excise tax that sparked the Whiskey Rebellion had not applied to any other commodity. F Least Difficult p. 232 Factual 1 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was John Adams's running mate in the election of 1796. F Most Difficult p. 241 Factual 1 After taking office, Thomas Jefferson increased the number of federal governmental balls and dinners. F Least Difficult p. 239 Factual 1 In 1811-12, a united Democratic-Republican party controlled both houses of Congress. F Most Difficult p. 247 Factual 1 Purchasing Louisiana necessitated an increase in the size of the military to protect the new territory. F Most Difficult p. 243 Analytical 1 The War of 1812 was ended by the Treaty of Paris. F Least Difficult p. 254 Factual 1 The Lewis and Clark expedition traveled more than 1,600 miles on the Missouri River. T Average p. 244 Factual 1 Congress gave itself the power to appoint the heads of the executive department. F Least Difficult p. 228 Factual 1 The debate over the national bank was the first to raise the question of "necessary and proper" laws and actions. T Most Difficult p. 230 Analytical 1 The Washington administration sided with Britain in its war against France only because it wanted to protect Anglo-American trade. F Most Difficult p. 230-231 Analytical 1 The crisis with France allowed the High Federalists to push their domestic agenda despite the opposition of President Adams. T Average p. 236 Analytical 1 As President Jefferson insisted on giving an increasingly powerful role to the military in domestic affairs. F Average p. 240 Analytical 1 With the Battle of New Orleans, the United States won the War of 1812. F Average p. 252 Analytical 1 The Hartford Convention declared the secession of the New England states. F Average p. 252 Factual 1 The Treaty of Ghent merely returned the status quo prior to the war. T Average p. 254 Analytical 1 The national debt was significantly reduced during Jefferson's administration. T Most Difficult p. 240 Factual 1 Jefferson believed that federal judges should be elected by popular ballot. F Most Difficult p. 240 Analytical 1 The Republicans impeached Chief Justice Samuel Chase and removed him from office. F Average p. 241 Factual 1 Marbury vs. Madison set the precedence for judicial review. T Average p. 241 Analytical 1 Aaron Burr was convicted of treason. F Most Difficult p. 242 Factual 1 The Embargo Act of 1807 hurt the American economy more than it did the British. T Average p. 246 Factual 1 Federalists enthusiastically supported the Embargo Act of 1807. F Average p. 246 Factual 1 James Madison was President of the United States during the War of 1812. T Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 Strongest support for the War of 1812 came from New England. F Average p. 247 Analytical 1 The congressmen known as War Hawks came from the South and West. T Average p. 246 Factual 1 The chief justice of the Supreme Court during Thomas Jefferson's tenure as president was ____________________. John Marshall Average p. 241 Factual 1 0 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a British invasion force at ____________________. New Orleans Least Difficult p. 252 Factual 1 0 In return for agreeing to Hamilton's proposals for the debt, Jefferson and Madison won acceptance for a plan to locate the capital of the United States be moved from New York to ____________________. Site on the Potomac Average p. 229 Factual 1 0 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and ____________________. Great Britain Least Difficult p. 246 Factual 1 0 When the Constitution went into effect in 1789, the capital of the United States was ____________________. New York City Least Difficult p. 226 Factual 1 0 The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called ____________________. The Bill Of Rights Least Difficult p. 227 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was an insane, alcoholic federal judge who was tried by the Senate and removed from office. John Pickering Least Difficult p. 241 Factual 1 0 French displeasure at the election of John Adams resulted in the determination to seize without compensation all American ships carrying "so much as a ____________________ made in England." handkerchief Average p. 236 Factual 1 0 Republicans saw ____________________ as the best hope for the survival of the republic. westward expansion Average p. 242 Analytical 1 0 In 1804, Jefferson won the electoral votes of every state except Delaware and ____________________. Connecticut Average p. 244 Factual 1 0 An estimated ____________________ American citizens were impressed into the Royal Navy between 1803 and 1812. 6,000 Average p. 245 Factual 1 0 "The Star Spangled Banner" was written during the battle over ____________________ in Baltimore. Fort McHenry Least Difficult p. 251 Factual 1 0 Lewis and Clark were guided by Sacajawea, a ____________________ Indian girl. Shoshone Average p. 244 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ was at the center of Alexander Hamilton's plan for a powerful national state. national debt Average p. 228 Factual 1 0 Alexander Hamilton modeled the Bank of the United States on the Bank of ____________________. England Average p. 229 Factual 1 0 John Jay held the post of ____________________ when Washington commissioned him to negotiate an end to U.S. conflicts with Great Britain. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Average p. 234 Factual 1 0 In response to the election of John Adams, in 1797 ____________________ expelled the American minister. France Average p. 236 Analytical 1 0 The ____________________ perpetrated the Massacre at Fort Mims. Red Sticks Average p. 250 Factual 1 0 ____________________, a Kentucky congressman, killed Tecumseh in the spring of 1814. Richard M. Johnson Most Difficult p. 251 Factual 1 0 The Red Sticks were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in ____________________. Alabama Average p. 251 Factual 1 0 The first Congress ultimately decided to address the nation's executive as ____________________. Mr. President Least Difficult p. 226 Factual 1 0 In Washington's administration Alexander Hamilton served as ____________________. Secretary of Treasury Least Difficult p. 228 Factual 1 0 Leader of the first Congress was ____________________. James Madison Average p. 227 Factual 1 0 Full payment of the national debt would benefit ____________________. Speculators Average p. 228 Factual 1 0 In the European wars, the Federalists sympathized with the ____________________. British Average p. 235-236 Factual 1 0 The general who defeated the northwestern tribes at Fallen Timbers was ____________________. Anthony Wayne Average p. 233-234 Factual 1 0 The British agreed to remove troops from American territory in the ____________________ Treaty. Jay Average p. 234 Factual 1 0 Spain gave the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi River in ____________________. Pinckney's Treaty Average p. 234 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was elected John Adams's Vice President in 1796. Jefferson Most Difficult p. 235 Factual 1 0 A Supreme Court Justice impeached by the Republicans but acquitted was ____________________. Samuel Chase Average p. 241 Factual 1 0 Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: political tracts written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolves argued that a state legislature had the right to nullify a federal law that it deemed unconstitutional. One of the most important expositions of the states' rights position. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Alexander Hamilton: economic nationalist, treasurer to George Washington, and creator of the treasury debt-driven system of the Federalist state that has dominated American capitalist development. His proposals called for a large national debt, a national bank, and a system of tariffs to pay off interest owed on the debt. Hamilton's plan organized the government, not the market. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Marbury v. Madison: significant court case in which John Marshall first argued that the Supreme Court was the final arbiter on the constitutionality of an act of Congress. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Louisiana Purchase: large territorial purchase from France made by Jefferson in 1803 that virtually doubled the size of the United States. Caused an uproar among Federalists who doubted the constitutionality of the purchase. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Lewis and Clark: In 1804, at the behest of President Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark undertook an expedition to explore the lands in the Louisiana Purchase. During their two year survey they filled many volumes of journals and drawings of what they encountered and learned, foremost being that the lands gained in the Purchase were of considerable value to the United States. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Aaron Burr: Thomas Jefferson's vice president. Responsible for organizing the political coalition in New York that ultimately gave that state to Jefferson. Attempted to "steal" the presidency, however, when he and Jefferson tied in the electoral college. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Fulfillment of Federalists' promise made during ratification that the new government would protect the liberties of the people. James Madison as member of House of Representatives proposed nineteen amendments, which were reduced to ten. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Citizen Edmond Genêt: French minister to the United States during Washington's presidency. Tried to get the United States into war by hiring privateers to attack English merchant ships and by organizing an attack on Spanish New Orleans. Feared he would be executed if he returned to France. Remained in the United States and married George Clinton's daughter. Lived comfortably as country gentleman thereafter. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 William Hull: governor of Michigan Territory who commanded a group of militiamen and volunteers in a planned invasion of Canada during the War of 1812. Surrendered his entire force of 2,000 men to a much smaller British force for fear he was about to be attacked by Indians allied with Britain. Later court-martialed for cowardice. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Chesapeake: U.S. frigate that became involved in a confrontation with the British warship Leopard off the coast of Virginia in the summer of 1807. The confrontation, which resulted in the deaths of 3 Americans and injuries to 18 others, stemmed from the presence of several British deserters among the Chesapeake's crew. It also generated widespread public condemnations of Britain and even some calls for war. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 War Hawks: group of young congressmen who took control of the House of Representatives in 1811-12. Mostly Republicans from the South or the West, they were ardent nationalists who were more than willing to declare war on England in order to protect U.S. rights. Their leader, Henry Clay, who became Speaker of the House. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Henry Clay: War Hawk who was elected Speaker of the House at the age of 34. Vigorously approached his position and worked hard to control floor debate, pack key committees with his allies, direct House affairs behind the scenes, and generally impose order on his fellow congressmen. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Hartford Convention: called by moderate Federalists in December 1814 in order to head off calls for secession among more radical party members. The convention proposed a number of amendments to the Constitution: elimination of the three-fifths compromise; denial of the right to hold office to naturalized citizens; making it harder for new states to enter the union; and requiring a two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress for a declaration of war. None of the amendments was acted upon, and the convention discredited the Federalists and led to their rapid demise. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Describe Alexander Hamilton's proposal for funding the debt. Answer: The idea of "funding," not conceived by Hamilton but by the British in the early eighteenth century, was based on the idea of using the large national debt that had accrued during the Revolutionary War years as a support for the expanding commercial system. At the time of Washington's inauguration, the United States owed (in combined federal and state debts to domestic and foreign debt holders) about $75 million. There was little possibility that the United States could pay these debts (all the while accruing interest) with the little income the government had. In addition, there was great debate about whether the entire debt had to be paid off at all. Everyone agreed that the foreign debt was sacred, but there was less agreement about the domestic debt. Hamilton argued that the entire debt (domestic as well as foreign) had to be repaid. Only by guaranteeing those who had lent money to the government (the wealthiest citizens) that the debt owed them would be repaid, could the government hope to be seen as a worthwhile investment in the future. Hamilton's plan then, was to transform the old, depreciated certificates of indebtedness into new, interest-bearing bond issues at full face value. But the principal of the domestic debt would not be repaid-only the interest due on it would be. In this way, Hamilton reasoned, the richest men in America would have a stake in seeing the new debt-ridden government survive. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was the Whiskey Rebellion? What were its causes, course, and repercussions? The Whiskey Rebellion was, on its face, a simple response by western farmers to (what they considered to be) an unfair tax on the distillation of alcoholic beverages. For Alexander Hamilton and the new government, however, it became a test of strength over whether the federal government had the power to enforce its will. The tax was placed on whiskey distillers by Hamilton for the purpose of raising money to pay the national debt. The tax fell disproportionately on western farmers, however, who had long transformed their grain into whiskey in order to move it more easily and cheaply to market. These farmers from western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky refused to pay the tax. They employed Revolutionary forms of organization (committees and republican rhetoric) in order to voice their opposition. Following several crowd uprisings and small skirmishes, Hamilton convinced Washington to use a 1,200-man military force against the rebels. Washington led the force into western Pennsylvania, but found no real organized opposition. Although some twenty men were arrested, only two were tried and convicted, and both were pardoned by Washington. Yet, the significance of the action was clear. The federal government was prepared to use military force, if necessary, to enforce its will and prove its superiority over the states. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine President Jefferson's war with the judiciary. Jefferson's war with the judicial branch of the federal government was rooted in one major factor--his opposition to Federalist principles and the fact that the federal judiciary was controlled by Federalists. Federalist judges, such as Josh Pickering and Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, regularly used their positions on the Court to attack Jeffersonian ideals and practices. The House of Representatives, led by Jeffersonians, impeached and removed Pickering (who, judging by his actions, was clearly insane) from office. However, when the House attempted to go after Chase, many doubted the wisdom of this move, since Chase, although openly partisan, had not broken any legal standards. He was not removed from office. The most important court battle, however, lay in the Marbury v. Madison case. The grounds of the case, the failure of Jefferson to deliver posts to certain Federalist appointees, were insignificant compared to the actual repercussions of the case. John Marshall's Supreme Court, a formidable foe of Jeffersonian republicanism, challenged Jefferson. Although the court ruled in favor of Jefferson (actually Madison, the secretary of state), it also asserted the right of "judicial review," the power to examine acts of Congress as to their constitutionality. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the U.S. attempt to remain neutral during the protracted struggle between France and Great Britain. Since the mid-seventeenth century, France and England had engaged in a protracted war for the empire. This continued into the early nineteenth century, although the wars at this time (with Napoleon in power in France) took on a different texture. Both nations, France and England, attempted to injure the commercial capabilities of the other by seizing ships and cargo headed for enemy shores. The United States, claiming the right of a neutral nation to trade with both sides in a conflict, thus found itself caught in the middle of this struggle, with its ships and sailors regularly seized. Jefferson, seeing England as the greater culprit, first passed a nonimportation act in 1806 in an attempt to decrease the reliance on English goods. This proved unsuccessful. In 1807, viewing few changes in the position of either belligerent, Jefferson proposed, and Congress passed, the Embargo Act calling for a complete cessation of American exportation. If the United States could not prevent the seizure of its ships, Jefferson argued, then no ships would leave port. The repercussions were profound. U.S. commerce was devastated--shippers and overseas merchants, port laborers, northeastern farmers, and southern planters, all of whom relied heavily on overseas trade, were severely hurt. Only one area, domestic manufacturing, remained untouched and, in fact, prospered under the embargo since it faced no foreign competition. When Jefferson left office, the failure of the endeavor was obvious, and the embargo was repealed. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was the "undeclared war with France"? Why was it fought and how was it resolved? In 1778, when France recognized the independence of the United States, a U.S. treaty gave France most-favored-nation status in the area of diplomatic and commercial relations. In practical terms, this was always somewhat doubtful, since the United States clearly was reliant on the tremendous commercial and economic power of Great Britain. Indeed, throughout the early nineteenth century, over 90 percent of U.S. imports (and with it some 90 percent of federal tariff income) came from Great Britain. France, although angered at this situation, really had little recourse. The relationship between France and the United States grew worse, however, following the revolution in France. The Federalists in office, particularly Hamilton and Adams, viewed the French Revolution as an attack on organized hierarchy, culminating with the execution of the king in 1793. Following Jay's Treaty with Great Britain (1795), which gave Great Britain most-favored-nation status, France broke off relations with the United States and began seizing U.S. shipping, particularly in the Caribbean. When diplomatic attempts to resolve the crisis failed, President Adams asked Congress to prepare for war, and an undeclared naval war in the Caribbean ensued from 1798-1800. In 1800, feeling that the High Federalists had pushed the United States to war, Adams began peace negotiations with the French. Ultimately, the dispute on the high seas concluded, all financial obligations of both nations to each other were canceled, and peace was restored. This happened, however, only at the expense of Adams' bid for reelection, since he lost support within his own party in the process. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine James Madison's role in establishing a sound foundation for the new government of 1789. In 1789, James Madison was elected to the House of Representatives by the state of Virginia. He played a leading part in that first Congress and completed his role as "Father of the Constitution" by drawing up proposals for the Bill of Rights. Madison suggested nineteen amendments to protect the liberties of the people and the states. Congress reduced Madison's proposals to ten amendments, which were sent out to the states for ratification. The public's fear of an oppressive central government was assuaged by the establishment of constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion, speech, and press; the right to bear arms; protection against peacetime quartering of troops and abusive legal procedures; and denial of unlisted rights. The Tenth Amendment provided that states and citizens retained all powers that were not specifically given to the federal government by the Constitution. The Bill of Rights protected the citizens from possible federal abuse without changing the structure or interfering with the basic powers of the central government. Madison was a nationalist who worked to augment the strength of the new government. Under his leadership, the legislature provided financing for the national government in the form of an import tariff. The executive branch of the government was organized around the newly established Departments of War, State, and Treasury with department heads who were chosen by the president. The Constitution provided that Congress would establish the federal courts and determine how many federal judges there would be. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set up a six-justice Supreme Court, thirteen district courts, and three circuit appeals courts. The law also provided that some cases from state courts could be appealed to the federal system and that members of the Supreme Court would serve as traveling circuit court judges. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the Louisiana Purchase and examine its impact on American society. One of the most monumental events in American history occurred during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson--the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson and his Republican party represented the interests of the South and the West; therefore, they viewed westward expansion as a renewal of the democratic spirit. When Jefferson assumed the presidency in 1801, approximately 500,000 Americans lived in the territories beyond the Appalachian Mountains. These westerners relied on the internal river system that flowed into the Mississippi River to carry their goods to market at New Orleans. In Pinckney's Treaty, the Spanish had given the United States free use of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. In 1800, however, Napoleon Bonaparte secretly acquired the Louisiana Territory, including the city of New Orleans, for France. He dreamed of re-creating a French empire in the Americas that would include not only Louisiana but also Saint Dominique and other Caribbean islands. When the Spanish announced the closing of the river to American commerce and the possible transfer of New Orleans to French authorities, Jefferson decided to buy the city. Napoleon's plans were disrupted by a slave rebellion in Saint Dominique and by the possibility of another war with Britain; therefore, he offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States for only $15 million. Even though the Constitution did not specifically authorize the executive to purchase territory, Jefferson agreed to the price and Congress ratified the deal. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the nation, established American control of the entire Mississippi River system and the port of New Orleans, removed the danger of a powerful French presence in the West, and inspired and thrilled the public. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the Hamiltonian system. What were its goals? How successful was it in achieving those goals? Essay should address several key points: A. Hamilton's plan for economic growth 1. Report on Public Credit a. Funding the debt b. Paying the entire debt 2. Bank of the United States a. Public/private institution b. Issuance of currency B. Hamilton's plan for manufacturing 1. Report on Manufactures a. Tariffs to promote domestic manufacture b. Tax incentives to help fledgling manufacturing C. Hamilton's plan for raising revenue 1. Tariffs a. Promote domestic manufacture b. Supply revenue to federal government 2. Excise taxes a. Raise money for paying interest on debt b. Enforcement would reveal authority of federal government to implement its power TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Explore the significance of the War of 1812 in American history. Essay should address several key points: A. Causes of War of 1812 1. United States and ship seizures a. United States and rights as neutrals b. Orders in Council and Berlin Decrees 2. Embargo Act of 1807 a. Repeal of Embargo Act b. Non-Intercourse Act 3. Macon's Bill #2 B. Military aspects of war 1. Naval engagements a. Blockade of Atlantic coast b. Battles for Great Lakes 2. Failure of land engagements a. Invasions of Canada b. Destruction of Washington c. Victory at New Orleans C. Significance 1. Political and social a. United States gains greater diplomatic respect b. Heightened patriotism in nation c. Emergence of Andrew Jackson 2. Economic a. United States free from naval seizures/impressments b. U.S. domestic industrialization sparked TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the political warfare between the Federalists and their opponents, the Jeffersonians, during the 1790s. Essay should address several key points: A. Background to political differences 1. Washington and reliance on Hamilton a. Opposition to Hamiltonian system b. No open animosity while Washington is president 2. Hamilton versus Jefferson a. Opposition to ideas on economic growth and democracy B. Growth of political parties l. Election of 1796 a. First contested election b. Federalists versus Jeffersonians i) Slim Adams victory ii) Implications 2. Opposition to Adams a. Jeffersonian attack on Adams's policies i) Some opposition within party as well ii) Implications b. Alien and Sedition Acts i) Clear attempt to control political opposition ii) Used primarily against Jeffersonians c. Election of 1800 i) Jeffersonian revolution ii) Implications TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Discuss the presidency of George Washington and include examples of both his domestic and foreign policies. Essay should address certain key points: A. Domestic policy 1. The First Congress a. A title chosen for the executive b. Bill of Rights created c. Cabinet set up d. Judiciary organized 2. Hamilton's economic plan a. The national debt funded b. Assumption of state debts c. Bank of United States set up d. Excise tax on whiskey passed e. Whiskey Rebellion put down B. Foreign policy 1. The French Revolution a. Attitudes toward the revolution b. U.S. neutrality declared c. Citizen Edmond Genêt makes trouble 2. Problems with England and Spain a. Jay's Treaty b. Pinckney's Treaty C. Legacy 1. Rise of political parties a. Disputes over Hamilton's plan b. Agrarians versus commercial interests 2. Farewell address a. Two-term tradition set b. "Entangling alliances" renounced c. Dangers of party factionalism exposed TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1