-176598 CHAPTER 9—THE OLD SOUTH, 1790-1850 Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Under the task system of slavery masters allowed slaves to chose their work. slaves were unlikely to be punished. slaves worked less hard than under the gang system. one master would watch over slaves working on several plantations at one time. slaves were assigned daily specific work to be done. E Most Difficult p. 286 Analytical 1 By 1834, the cotton belt produced more than ____ of the cotton in the United States. 30 percent. 40 percent. 50 percent. 70 percent. 90 percent. C Least Difficult p. 287 Factual 1 Between 1790 and 1850, the southern planters became more dependent on France. Britain. Spain. Mexico. Portugal. B Least Difficult p. 283 Factual 1 A common calculation between planters and farmers was a planter owned five slaves. ten slaves. twenty slaves. fifty slaves. one hundred slaves. C Least Difficult p. 291 Factual 1 All of the following statements on yeoman southern farmers are true except they remained tied to the cotton economy. participated in the market economy. had few family links to the planter class. were more poor than the planter class. grew little cotton. C Most Difficult p. 293 Analytical 1 The primary reason Chesapeake slaves were sold was to make money for the owner. as punishment. to reduce the threat of rebellions. to control the overall slave population. to become "breeders." A Most Difficult p. 297 Analytical 1 In slave Christianity the "liberator" was Jesus. Abraham. John the Baptist. Moses. Mary. D Most Difficult p. 298 Factual 1 In 1860, the southern slave population was collectively worth $400 million. $900 million. $1.3 billion. $2 billion. $3 billion. E Least Difficult p. 301 Factual 1 The inventor of the cotton gin was James Henry Hammond. Eli Whitney. Samuel Slater. Richard Arkwright. Thomas Edison. B Least Difficult p. 286 Factual 1 In 1790, Chesapeake planters saw falling prices for cotton. corn. wheat. tobacco. livestock. D Least Difficult p. 284 Factual 1 Between 1788 and 1808 the number of slaves brought directly from Africa to the United States was 40,000. 75,000. 125,000. 250,000. 400,000. D Least Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 Compared to long-staple cotton, short-staple cotton was more delicate. only cultivated on the Sea Islands. unprofitable before the 1790s. easy to process by hand. all of the above. C Most Difficult p. 286 Analytical 1 For the most part, owners ____ slave marriages. encouraged discouraged gave little thought to did not sanction forced A Least Difficult p. 296 Factual 1 The leader of the aborted slave rebellion in South Carolina in 1822 was Nat Turner. Gabriel. Denmark Vesey. Frederick Douglass. none of the above. C Least Difficult p. 299 Factual 1 The international slave trade ended in 1790. 1803. 1808. 1812. 1852. C Least Difficult p. 287 Factual 1 In the Chesapeake slave system nearly all work was in tobacco. men and women worked together. only men did fieldwork. most women worked as domestic servants. tasks were divided by gender. E Average p. 284-285 Factual 1 In the plantation counties of coastal South Carolina slave labor forces tended to be small. overseers closely supervised slaves in field work. slaves made up 80 percent of the population. work was organized by the "gang system." the healthy climate resulted in few diseases. C Most Difficult p. 286 Factual 1 In the cotton belt, planters moved away from the task system. generally permitted slaves to keep small gardens. had less control over their slaves than in the Chesapeake. sought to diversify their agriculture. worked their slaves less than did coastal planters. A Most Difficult p. 290 Analytical 1 All of the following statements regarding southern yeoman families are true except they rarely used cash. relied mainly on family members for labor. women did not work in the fields. children began work at an early age. white people did most of the work. C Most Difficult p. 295 Factual 1 Between 1780 and 1810, the slave population in Virginia saw an increase in both free and enslaved blacks. a decrease in both free and enslaved blacks. an equal number of free and enslaved blacks. more free than enslaved blacks. a decrease in free blacks but an increase in enslaved blacks. A Average p. 285 Factual 1 The large slave rebellion that began in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831 under the leadership of a Baptist lay minister was known as the Nat Turner Revolt. Denmark Vesey Revolt. Swamplands Revolt. Gullah Revolt. Southampton Revolt. A Least Difficult p. 300 Factual 1 Slave rebellions had little chance of success in the southern United States because plantations were generally enclosed by fences. the white population was large. slaves were more interested in freedom in the next world. slaves were chained together at night. few whites had weapons. B Most Difficult p. 299 Analytical 1 All of the following statements regarding cotton belt planters are true except they relied on rivers for much of their transportation needs. had little interest in state-supported internal improvements. they were at odds with upcountry whites over the construction of roads. neglected technological change. did little to improve the cultivation of cotton. D Most Difficult p. 303 Analytical 1 Between 1800 and 1860, the percentage of the population engaged in agriculture rose in north and fell in the south. fell in the north and rose in the south. rose both in the north and the south. fell in both the north and the south. had seen almost no change in either the north or the south. B Average p. 303 Factual 1 The Denmark Vesey slave revolt failed when Vesey was killed. a white overseer overheard the plotters. a letter from Vesey was intercepted by authorities. Vesey was sold by his master. slaves betrayed the plotters. E Average p. 300 Factual 1 Christianity as practiced by slaves was similar to that of their masters. at variance with that of their masters. exactly the same as that of their masters. dependant on white preachers. a call for violent revolution to bring on the end of the world. B Average p. 298 Analytical 1 In 1789, a major slave revolt was carried out in Virginia. Cuba. Haiti. Florida. Brazil. C Least Difficult p. 299 Factual 1 After 1820, southern state laws gave slaves the right to sue another slave. Sundays off. own a garden. buy their freedom. sell extra items to other slaves. B Average p. 291 Factual 1 After 1790, Chesapeake planters who freed their slaves did so for all the following reasons except their slaves reproduced at a high rate. they needed less labor than in the past. they were inspired by the ideals of the American Revolution to make money. they had more slaves than they could use. D Most Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 In comparison to other New World slaves, North American slaves were more likely to revolt. better organized. a larger proportion of the total population. all of the above. none of the above. E Average p. 299 Factual 1 Southern slaves had no distinct culture. essentially imitated white culture. created their own culture, which included religious piety and African-style songs and folk magic. were brutalized to the extent that they became irresponsible and childlike. never openly resisted slavery. C Most Difficult p. 297-299 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding Thomas Jefferson are true except he kept a slave as a mistress. sold slaves as punishment. believed free whites and blacks could live together insisted that slavery was wrong. gave away slaves as gifts. C Most Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 The primary crop of the lowcountry was tobacco. rice. cotton. wheat. potatoes. B Least Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 Thousands of southern yeomen left slave states and moved north to the free states because they felt that slavery was morally evil. that slavery blocked opportunities for poor whites. that the land was better. uncomfortable living among so many slaves. that slaves would rise up and kill all of the whites. B Average p. 284 Analytical 1 The development of the Cotton Belt was made possible by Federalists. Whigs. Jeffersonian Republicans. Democrats. the Spanish. C Average p. 287 Factual 1 The system of master-slave relations that developed in the nineteenth-century United States is best described as paternal. mutual dependence. maternal. fraternal. social. A Least Difficult p. 291 Factual 1 At Thomas Jefferson's Monticello most young children lived with both parents. slaves were segregated by sex. slaves that were sold were always sold as families. children were sold as soon as they could work. few slaves were allowed to marry. A Most Difficult p. 296 Factual 1 In 1860, the value of southern slaves exceeded the investments in banking. railroads. manufacturing. all of the above. none of the above. D Average p. 301 Factual 1 Under the task system in the early nineteenth century, a slave was expected to tend ____ acre(s) of rice daily. one two three four five E Least Difficult p. 286 Factual 1 All of the following states became net exporters of slaves except Kentucky. Georgia. Virginia. South Carolina. Maryland. B Most Difficult p. 287-288 Factual 1 "Georgia traders" were speculators who bought slaves in ____ and sold them in the lower South. Florida Upper South Caribbean Africa South America B Most Difficult p. 288 Factual 1 Among white southern males the attainment of wealth was highest achievement possible. drinking liquor was considered a sign of moral weakness. first names were always taken from their paternal grandfather. those who were most educated were held in the highest esteem. one's reputation and honor was paramount. E Average p. 292 Factual 1 The whipping of slaves was regulated by law. a common form of punishment. reserved for runaways and thieves. unheard of outside of the deep South. banned after 1848. B Average p. 295 Factual 1 In regards to American slaves and Christianity in 1800, one in five Methodists were black. no black could be a preacher. congregations were never integrated. in 1820, there were 700 independent black churches. all of the above. D Most Difficult p. 298 Factual 1 Antebellum southern society placed its greatest importance on honoring obligations. individual achievement. personal freedom. gender equality. social progress. A Most Difficult p. 292-293 Analytical 1 All of the following statements are true except cotton requires a long growing season. cotton ripens evenly. cotton requires lots of attention. cotton has a long harvest season. cotton was well suited to slave labor. B Most Difficult p. 289-290 Analytical 1 Successful slave owners found that the easiest way to control their slaves was through terror and draconian discipline (whippings and even murder). treating slaves like little children. educating and training slaves to encourage feelings of self-worth. giving slaves their freedom and paying them wages. offering slaves limited independence and privileges in return for their labor and obedience. E Most Difficult p. 295-296 Analytical 1 As the Civil War approached, the number of southerners who owned at least one slave was nearly seventy percent. decreasing. increasing by ten percent a year. no more than forty percent. undocumented. B Most Difficult p. 293 Factual 1 Which of the following states was not a major producer of cotton? Alabama Texas Mississippi Louisiana Florida E Average p. 287 Factual 1 Slave marriages were not recognized by the law. were discouraged by slave owners. were legally binding. were not recognized or respected within the slave community. did not exist. A Average p. 297 Factual 1 In 1860, the southern slave population was collectively worth $1.3 billion. F Least Difficult p. 301 Factual 1 The most intensely commercialized farms in the world were found in the Chesapeake. F Average p. 290 Factual 1 In southern yeoman farm communities, slaves did most of the fieldwork. F Average p. 295 Factual 1 In the Chesapeake slave system a majority of women worked as domestic servants. F Average p. 284 Factual 1 By 1834, the cotton belt produced more than half of the cotton in the United States. T Least Difficult p. 287 Factual 1 In the cotton belt few planters retained the task system. T Average p. 290 Factual 1 Slave rebellions had little chance of success in the southern United States because plantations were relatively small and dispersed. T Average p. 299 Factual 1 Diseases on southern coastal plantations kept masters and overseers out of the fields. T Average p. 286 Factual 1 Chesapeake slaves had the lowest reproduction rate among all slaves. F Average p. 285 Factual 1 Slaves in the cotton belt worked longer and harder than slaves in the Chesapeake. T Average p. 290 Analytical 1 The primary reason Chesapeake slaves were sold was to punish them. F Average p. 297 Factual 1 Slaveholders were committed to paternalism that sought to make slaves Christian. T Average p. 301 Factual 1 In 1860, the value of southern slaves exceeded the investments in banking, railroads, and manufacturing combined. T Average p. 301 Factual 1 Cotton belt planters did little to improve the cultivation of cotton. T Most Difficult p. 303 Factual 1 Compared to long-staple cotton, short-staple cotton was more hardy. T Average p. 286 Factual 1 Denmark Vesey was betrayed by slaves. T Average p. 300 Analytical 1 The task system encouraged slaves to work hard without supervision. T Average p. 286 Analytical 1 Thomas Jefferson gave away slaves as gifts. T Average p. 285 Factual 1 Between 1818 and 1820, the Chesapeake slave population declined by 20 percent. T Most Difficult p. 288 Analytical 1 Between 1800 and 1860, the percentage of the southern workforce engaged in agriculture increased. T Average p. 303 Factual 1 A common calculation between planters and farmers was a planter owned twenty slaves. T Average p. 291 Factual 1 North American slaves seldom went into organized, armed revolt. T Least Difficult p. 299 Factual 1 Between 1790 and 1850, the southern planters became more dependent on Spain. F Least Difficult p. 283 Factual 1 Between 1788 and 1808, 250,000 slaves were brought directly from Africa to the United States. T Average p. 285 Factual 1 By 1860, the U.S. South produced four-fifths of the world supply of cotton. F Average p. 287 Factual 1 Misbehaving antebellum southern wives damaged the reputation of their husbands. T Least Difficult p. 292 Analytical 1 At Thomas Jefferson's Monticello slave children were sold as soon as they could work. F Average p. 296 Factual 1 In the 1830s and 1840s, one-fourth of the value of all U.S. exports came from cotton. F Average p. 287 Factual 1 In 1820, rice planters in the lowcountry faced an optimistic future. F Most Difficult p. 285 Analytical 1 Between 1780 and 1810, the slave population in Virginia saw a decrease in free blacks but an increase in enslaved blacks. F Average p. 285 Analytical 1 Among white southern families one's reputation was more important than wealth. T Average p. 292 Analytical 1 Under the task system in the eighteenth century, a slave was expected to tend four acres of rice daily. T Least Difficult p. 286 Factual 1 In slave kinship, nonrelatives were called "brother," "sister," "aunt," and "uncle." T Average p. 297 Factual 1 The Hammond Quarterly was the principal southern business journal. F Average p. 303 Factual 1 Due to Whitney's cotton gin, the demand for slaves in the Cotton Belt fell. F Average p. 286 Analytical 1 By the Civil War three out of four white southern families did not own a single slave. T Most Difficult p. 293 Factual 1 The international slave trade ended in 1808. T Least Difficult p. 287 Factual 1 In 1820, there were roughly 300 independent black churches. F Average p. 298 Factual 1 In the early nineteenth century, Georgia rice planters were among the richest Americans. T Average p. 286 Factual 1 The plantation economy of the South resulted in an unequal distribution of wealth. T Average p. 293 Factual 1 Under the ____________________ system slaves were assigned daily specific work to be done. task Least Difficult p. 286 Factual 1 0 Slaves relied on ____________________ to create an extended family. kinship Least Difficult p. 297 Factual 1 0 ____________________ and Savannah were the two major ports for slaves from Africa. Charleston Average p. 285 Factual 1 0 The slaveholding senator from South Carolina who stated that "cotton is king" was ____________________. James H. Hammond Most Difficult p. 304 Factual 1 0 After the Revolution, men known as ____________________ bought slaves in the upper South to sell in the lower South. "Georgia traders" Most Difficult p. 288 Factual 1 0 In 1790, Chesapeake planters saw falling prices for ____________________. tobacco Least Difficult p. 284 Factual 1 0 After 1820, southern state laws universally slaves the right to ____________________. Sunday's off Average p. 291 Factual 1 0 A distinct regional difference between northerners and southerners was seen in their attitude towards ____________________. fences Average p. 295 Factual 1 0 In 1860, only ____________________ percent of slaveowners owned 20 or more slaves. five 5 Average p. 293 Factual 1 0 Southern yeoman farm communities relied largely on ____________________ for business transactions. barter Least Difficult p. 295 Factual 1 0 In the 1830s, the South produced three-fourths of the world's supply of ____________________. cotton Least Difficult p. 287 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the principal southern business journal. Debow's Review Most Difficult p. 303 Factual 1 0 The primary crop of the lowcountry was ____________________. rice Least Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 0 In slave Christianity the "liberator" was ____________________. Moses Most Difficult p. 298 Factual 1 0 A slave revolt by ____________________ was betrayed by slaves. Vesey Average p. 300 Factual 1 0 In 1800, one in ____________________ American Methodists was black. three 3 Least Difficult p. 298 Factual 1 0 It is a myth that Chesapeake ____________________ were used to increase the slave population. "breeding farms" Most Difficult p. 297 Analytical 1 0 In 1830, approximately ____________________ percent of southerners owned at least one slave. thirty 30 Least Difficult p. 293 Factual 1 0 Whitney's cotton gin could process ____________________ pounds of cotton in a day. 50 fifty Average p. 286 Factual 1 0 By 1860, ____________________ percent of white southerners owned more than 20 slaves. five 5 Average p. 293 Factual 1 0 The slave revolt that was planned with military precision was led by ____________________. Gabriel Most Difficult p. 299 Factual 1 0 Eli Whitney's gin led to an expansion of ____________________ cotton. short-staple Average p. 286 Factual 1 0 By ____________________ most blacks considered themselves Christians. 1820 Average p. 297 Factual 1 0 The rise of cotton production led the South to become more dependant on the country of ____________________. Britain Average p. 283 Factual 1 0 In 1789, a major slave revolt was carried out in ____________________. Haiti Least Difficult p. 299 Factual 1 0 The system of master-slave relations that developed in the nineteenth-century United States is best described as ____________________. paternal Least Difficult p. 291 Factual 1 0 Nat Turner began his slave revolt after seeing a ____________________. solar eclipse Most Difficult p. 300 Factual 1 0 Referring to slavery, ____________________ said Virginia held "a wolf by the ears." Thomas Jefferson Most Difficult p. 285 Factual 1 0 Between 1790 and 1850, the southern planters became more dependent on ____________________. Britain Least Difficult p. 283 Factual 1 0 The slave who plotted a revolt while he was a leading member in a Methodist congregation was ____________________. Denmark Vesey Average p. 300 Factual 1 0 internal improvements: Generally referring to domestic public works transportation projects such as road and canal construction. As the 1820s and 1830s saw vigorous activity in such projects being made in the Northern and Western United States, internal improvements lagged in the South as planters relied on rivers to move their products. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Denmark Vesey: free black Methodist from Charleston, South Carolina, who plotted a complicated slave rebellion. In 1822 he and his followers planned to seize an arsenal, arm slaves, kill whites, take over Charleston and sail to Haiti. The plan was betrayed by slaves and Vesey and thirty-three co-conspirators were hanged. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Nat Turner: slave rebellion leader in 1831 Virginia. Experienced visions, which he understood to foretell a successful rebellion against the white master. Large-scale rebellion eventually was crushed, but only after the death of about one hundred whites and blacks. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Gabriel's Rebellion: In 1800, a plot to overthrow Virginia's slave government in Richmond was advanced by an enslaved blacksmith named Gabriel. He modeled his plan on the principles of the American Revolution and hoped to create a free republic. Just as the revolt was to begin, the plotters were betrayed and more than two dozen, including its leader, were executed. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Eli Whitney: Northern inventor of the cotton-engine (or gin) that revolutionized the production of cotton and, consequently, the southern economy. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 task system: A form of slave labor organization employed on plantations. Jobs were assigned daily by masters. Slaves who did not finish their tasks were punished, while those that did often had some leisure time. The task system encouraged slaves to work hard without supervision. It also allowed stronger slaves to help weaker ones to avoid punishment. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 backcountry: eastern slopes of the Appalachians from the Chesapeake through Georgia, the western slopes of the mountains in Kentucky and Tennessee, the pine-covered hill country of northern Mississippi and Alabama, parts of Texas and Louisiana, most of the Ozark Plateau in Missouri and Arkansas. Home to most of the small farms in the South, these lands were too high, cold, isolated, and wooded to support plantation crops. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 itinerant preachers: traveling ministers who preached at camp meetings whose attendance included both slaves and free blacks. In this way, many slaves converted to Christianity between 1790 and 1820. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 tenancy: practiced by a majority of southern yeomen and involved mixing farming for household subsistence and neighborhood exchange with a small surplus or cash crop sent to market. Farmers would put most of their land into subsistence crops and livestock, cultivating only a few acres of cotton. With the income generated from their small cotton crops, they could pay their debts and taxes and buy coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, cloth, and shoes. This system allowed farmers to enter the market when they wished; it kept them from ever being dominated by it. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Examine the impact of slavery and the cotton culture on southern economic development. The southern economy in the mid-nineteenth century was based on commercialized plantations, which produced approximately three-fourths of the world's cotton crop. Many cotton producers were extremely wealthy. The richest counties in the nation in 1860 were in the southern states. The members of the planter aristocracy accounted for only 2 to 3 percent of the white male population, yet they owned half of the slaves and influenced the entire social, financial, and political structure of the region. There was a wide disparity between the wealthy elite, the self-sufficient yeoman, and the "dirt poor" white farmers. Although only one family in four owned slaves, the institution of slavery shaped the culture and limited the opportunities for non-slave-owning lower-class whites. Most southerners did not really participate in the market economy. Rural southerners made what they needed or did without. The only southern technological innovations were those, such as the cotton gin, that directly affected cotton production. Reliance on slave labor retarded agricultural innovations and kept the South from implementing new, more efficient farming techniques. Even the transportation system and urban development of the region were tied to the cotton culture. Railroads, canals, and roads in the South existed for the sole purpose of transporting cotton to the nearest river for shipment to seaport cities. In fact, the only real cities in the South were coastal ports that provided cotton producers with access to national and international markets. The South depended on the North for banking, insurance, and manufactured goods. Overall, slavery and the cotton culture restricted the economic development of the area. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 How did the short-staple cotton alter the South? Eli Whitney's gin made the production of short staple cotton economically feasible. Work that took a group of laborers all day to complete could be done by a single person in less time. This cotton, more hardy than long-staple and with a shorter growing season, led to an great expansion of production in the early 19th century, creating what is known as the "cotton belt" in the lower South from the Georgia to west of the Mississippi River. In a few years, cotton would become the region's dominate cash crop, and the leading export of the United States. The labor required for this production resulted in a shift of many thousands of slaves from the Chesapeake to the Lower South. The interstate slave market grew extensively. The tremendous profits from short-staple cotton tied the South more closely to both slavery and the international markets in Europe. It also prompted masters in this region to tighten their control on slaves in order to squeeze more work, and consequently more profit, from them. The task system was replaced by more direct supervision of slaves by masters or a system of overseers. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 How did Christianity affect southern slaves? Between the late 18th century and early 19th century, most slaves, who had felt little desire to adopt Christianity, did so while tailoring to their own condition. The rise of the democratic sects, especially Methodism, appealed to slaves. These sects were more emotional than the established churches, with an emphasis on singing spirituals and uplifting preaching. While some whites preached to a mix of free and slave, some blacks became preachers themselves. Slaves sometimes combined elements of traditional African practices such as folk magic with their new faith. They emphasized being part of a world in which they would one day be delivered from their bondage by God. In this way, they saw themselves as the chosen people whose time had not yet come. One result of their faith was it discouraged open rebellion against the slave system. Many slave Christians believed their role was to have faith, take of each other, preserve their identity as a people, and wait for the day in which the hated slave system would be replaced by a society of republican equality and evangelicalism. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the various slave rebellions of the early nineteenth century. Although minor slave disturbances occurred throughout colonial and Revolutionary America, rebellions were rarely a threat to the system of slavery itself. When compared to other plantation societies around the globe, there was a relatively small number of such rebellions in the United States. The limited number of rebellions not only had to do with the small size of the plantations but also with the distance between plantations. Whites outnumbered slaves, making large-scale rebellions unlikely and, if they occurred, unsuccessful. Two rebellions of some size, however, the Denmark Vesey and the Nat Turner Revolts, shocked the white South and spread fear throughout the nation. The Vesey Revolt was begun by a free black from Charleston, a leading member of the African Methodist congregation there. His plot was an ambitious one that included seizing the state armory, arming rural slaves, and murdering white slaveholders. The plan was betrayed by slaves before it ever began, and Vesey and others were executed by fearful white authorities. The Turner Revolt, in 1831 Virginia, involved far more carnage and the loss of over one hundred white and black lives. It was doomed because of overwhelming odds. Ultimately, the result of these two revolts, aside from the relatively small material and human loss, was to spread fear among whites and reveal a powerful, latent slave militancy that existed despite benign daily appearances. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the developing economy of the South in the years from 1800 to 1850. Essay should address several key points: A. Importance of the plantation 1. Plantations: self-sufficient worlds a. Heavily dependent upon the market b. Not truly capitalist 2. Rise of King Cotton a. Heavy demand in Europe and North b. Great wealth of southern elite B. Middling and poor farmers 1. Uneven distribution of slave ownership a. 90 percent of southern whites were not wealthy planters b. Three-fourths of southerners owned no slaves in 1861 2. Most southern farmers avoided commercial markets a. Retained precommercial exchange systems b. Local community and idea of "neighboring" dominated C. Slavery 1. Great wealth of the South dependent upon slave labor a. Only 3 percent of white southerners part of plantation aristocracy b. Master-slave relationship characterized by paternalism 2. After 1820--slavery both more systematic and humane a. Slave labor increasingly rationalized b. Further development of "paternalism"
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the cultures of the southern United States in the period from 1820 to 1850. Essay should address several key points: A. Southern elite culture 1. Origins a. Seventeenth-century origins b. Impact of market revolution 2. World view a. Values, beliefs, and attitudes b. Religious developments 3. Amusements 4. Significance of slavery a. Defense of slavery b. Slavery and the South
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the slave culture that flourished in the nineteenth-century United States. Essay should address several key points: A. Background to slave culture 1. African origins a. Cultural developments b. Religious beliefs 2. North American innovations a. Naming patterns b. Marriage practices B. Slave culture in nineteenth-century South 1. Importance of extended family a. Limitations placed on traditional family b. Coping strategies developed by slaves 2. Significance of religion a. Christianization (1780-1820) b. Evangelical basis
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1