-176601 CHAPTER 12—WHIGS, DEMOCRATS, AND THE REMAKING OF SOCIETY Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Which political party was most supportive of government involvement in the market developments of the period from 1820 to 1840? Republican Democratic Whig Know-Nothing Federalist C Average p. 364 Factual 1 Who was most interested in creating a public school system? William Lloyd Garrison Lydia Maria Child Dorothea Dix Horace Mann Alexander Hamilton D Average p. 369 Factual 1 Many Catholic parents refused to send their children to public school because they felt that the education received there was inadequate. the teachers were not qualified. students were forced to recite Protestant prayers and read the Protestant Bible. they believed their children would be persecuted. they were too poor to buy their supplies. C Average p. 370 Analytical 1 The leading advocate of humane treatment of the insane was Dorothea Dix. Lydia Maria Child. Sarah Josepha Hale. Caroline Kirkland. Andrew Jackson. A Least Difficult p. 371 Factual 1 All of the following statements regarding the Auburn System of prisons are true except prisoners were forbidden to speak to one another at any time. prisoners were required to work to provide their own keep. prisoners were kept in solitary confinement to contemplate their misdeeds. prisoners were regimented in military-type formation. the system was designed to reform prisoners and to save money. C Average p. 371 Factual 1 One of the leading crusaders against the use of alcohol was Horace Mann. Lyman Beecher. Stephen Douglas. Lydia Maria Child. Andrew Jackson. B Least Difficult p. 373 Factual 1 The annual consumption of alcohol, which had reached an all-time high during the 1820s, was no longer perceived as a problem by the 1830s. remained roughly the same during the 1830s. doubled during the 1830s. quadrupled during the 1830s. dropped by more than one-half during the 1830s. E Most Difficult p. 373 Factual 1 The abolitionists of the 1830s were all members of the Quaker faith. advocated a bloody civil war to punish slave owners. encouraged the admission of the free state of Texas to the union. persuaded the majority of northern citizens to oppose slavery. were an active and influential minority within the reform movements of the era. E Average p. 379-380 Factual 1 By the 1830s, in the northern states many free blacks were openly questioning their subordinate position in society. radical Whig evangelicals questioned racism. official segregation by race was illegal. Quakers were the strongest critics of racial segregation. black children were not allowed to attend school. B Most Difficult p. 376 Analytical 1 On the issue of race, the Democratic Party of the 1840s considered blacks unfit to be citizens. wanted to end slavery. wanted to grant equal opportunity to free blacks. wanted to expand slavery. thought that slavery should not be based on race but that it should extend to poor whites as well as blacks. A Average p. 376 Analytical 1 Before the 1830s, organized opposition to slavery was mostly limited to American Anti-Slavery Society. William Lloyd Garrison Society. New England Anti-Slavery Society. American Colonization Society. Free Labor Society. D Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 The American Colonization Society's opposition to slavery can best be described as courageous and dedicated. noble. half-hearted. hypocritical. nonexistent. C Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 The leader of the slave uprising in Haiti that led to that nation's independence in 1804 was Toussaint L'Ouverture. Gabriel. Denmark Vesey. Simon Bolivar. Stono. A Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 The most prominent abolitionist in antebellum United States was Charles Finney. Horace Mann. William Lloyd Garrison. Lyman Beecher. Dorothea Dix. C Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 Support for abolitionists came from which of the following regions? western New York southern New England northern Ohio northeastern cities. all of the above. D Average p. 378 Factual 1 The primary goal of the American Anti-Slavery Society was the gradual abolition of slavery. the immediate emancipation of the slaves. the recolonization of slaves to Africa. the emancipation of some slaves, for appearances. reconciliation between North and South. B Average p. 378-379 Factual 1 Most women became advocates of women's rights through temperance. abolitionism. sabbatarianism. public school reform. prison reform. B Average p. 382 Factual 1 Which of the following was not a demand of women's rights reformers in the 1840s? better access for women to property more restrictive divorce laws wages for their own labor custody of their children in cases of divorce the right to vote. B Average p. 382-383 Factual 1 The first Women's Rights Convention (1848) was held in Philadelphia. Seneca Falls. Boston. Charleston. New York City. B Least Difficult p. 383 Factual 1 The Declaration of Sentiments was modeled most closely on the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. Rights of Man. Declaration of Independence. Declaration of Man and the Citizen. the Bible. C Least Difficult p. 383 Factual 1 In the 1830s Democrats viewed blacks as potential voters. as non-threatening. as racist caricatures. with sympathy. as potential equals. C Average p. 376 Analytical 1 The political party most suspicious of federal attempts to promote internal improvements (canals and turnpikes) was the Federalist. Whig. Democratic. Republican Party of the 1850s. Know Nothing. C Average p. 368 Factual 1 The group most likely to be denied political power in the Northeast was the Irish. African Americans. Italians. Poles. farmers. B Least Difficult p. 376 Factual 1 The Whig party supported all of the following except public suspicion and mistrust of the influence of privileged economic groups on federal policies. moral legislation regulating alcohol consumption. government-supported internal improvements. an active government role in encouraging the expansion of the market economy. public schools. A Most Difficult p. 364-365 | p. 369 Analytical 1 The Democratic Party was supported by Irish Catholic immigrants. evangelical Protestants. wage earners. independent yeoman farmers. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 364 Factual 1 During the 1820s through the 1840s, the Democrats trusted the government to do what was best for the country. favored limitations on government power. called for immigration restrictions in order to protect the jobs of native-born workers. believed the government should legislate to encourage "correct" religious behavior. called for religious training in public schools. B Average p. 366 Factual 1 In the U.S. banking system of the 1830s and 1840s, the federal government issued paper money and controlled interest rates. paper money was eliminated and specie was the only currency in circulation. only gold and silver circulated as money. Democrats in Congress passed laws increasing the amount of paper money and expanding credit for speculators. state-chartered and state-owned banks controlled the amount of money in circulation. E Most Difficult p. 367-368 Factual 1 On the issue of internal improvements, the Democrats opposed funding projects that would raise taxes and increase state debts. favored increased spending as a means of helping isolated manufacturers reach bigger markets. believed that "good roads and good morals" were interrelated. encouraged "partial" policies that aided certain areas and were paid for by other areas. did not take a stand on the issue. A Most Difficult p. 368 Factual 1 The "common" schools of the 1820s and 1830s were private, tuition-based church schools. were tax-supported public schools that promoted citizenship and moral standards. were popular with immigrant Irish Catholics who had positive memories of similar institutions set up by the English in Ireland. carefully followed the concept of separation of church and state. caused no controversy, as they enjoyed near unanimous support from both political parties. B Average p. 369 Analytical 1 Many nineteenth-century northern social reformers believed that criminals, the mentally ill, and poor people were lazy, sinful, devil worshippers. could not be helped by government policies or institutions. should either be drafted into the army or employed in federal work camps. should be deported. had been mistreated as children and could be rehabilitated as adults. E Most Difficult p. 371 Analytical 1 The temperance crusade of the mid-nineteenth century was primarily a middle-class movement that was strongest in the Northeast. was ignored by the U.S. Army, which continued to issue each soldier a weekly liquor ration. targeted Catholics because they used "real wine" in their services. was promoted by the Democratic Party, which called for a constitutional prohibition amendment. led to more widespread drinking. A Most Difficult p. 373 Analytical 1 The Washington Temperance Society was different from other reform groups in that it was a working-class organization. was not affiliated with any religious institutions. opposed prohibition legislation. supported male authority. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 375 Factual 1 In the early nineteenth century, whites stereotyped blacks as loyal and self-sacrificing. ignorant. thieves. drunks. all of the above. E Average p. 378 Analytical 1 All of the following statements regarding the Washington Temperance Society are true except it identified its members as the laboring classes. only accepted short-term drinkers and rejected "hopeless drunks." was avowedly nonreligious. rejected politics and legislation. called for restoring male authority within the family. B Average p. 375 Analytical 1 In the nineteenth century supposedly "scientific" theories on racial differences indicated that blacks and whites were intellectually and morally equal. blacks were less likely than whites to become drunkards and thieves. whites and blacks were actually two separate species. it was impossible to determine the causes of the physical and mental variations among human beings. All races are equal. C Most Difficult p. 376 Factual 1 The Advocate of Moral Reform was the newsletter of the American Temperance Society. Magdalen Society. American Anti-Slavery Society. Female Moral Reform Society. the Whig party. D Least Difficult p. 382 Factual 1 Sylvester Graham was a temperance lecturer who warned that dietary and sexual indulgence was unhealthy. was the inventor of the telegram. admired flamboyant, decadent political leaders like Andrew Jackson. founded the first women's college in the United States. called for public school reform. A Average p. 381 Factual 1 The New York Magdalen Society was a Roman Catholic School for girls. set up missions to save and reform prostitutes. blamed social ills on the innate sinfulness of women. encouraged women to set up female-owned and controlled factories and businesses. started orphanages. B Average p. 382 Factual 1 In general, the wealthiest men in cities were Republicans. Democrats. Whigs. Know-Nothings. apolitical. C Least Difficult p. 364 Analytical 1 The most overwhelmingly Democratic group in the country were northern free blacks. immigrant Chinese. native Protestant wage earners. native-born farmers. immigrant Irish Catholics. E Average p. 365 Analytical 1 Which of the following had a wholly state-owned bank? Massachusetts Ohio Georgia Pennsylvania New York C Most Difficult p. 367 Factual 1 The New York Magdalen Society sought to eliminate prostitution. alcohol use. poverty. childhood disease. capitalism. A Average p. 382 Factual 1 Those who were atheists or who were least concerned about religion tended to be Democrats. Whigs. Federalists. Know-Nothings. apolitical. A Average p. 365 Analytical 1 In the South wealthy planters tended to vote for the ____ Party. Democratic Republican Whig Green Know Nothing C Average p. 365 Analytical 1 Democrats feared that government would fail to control the rising crime rates. concentrate power and wealth in the hands of a few. admit too many immigrants. discourage the growth of the market economy. abolish the national bank. B Average p. 366 Analytical 1 "Hard Money" Democrats support Whig candidates for president. wanted the banks to inflate the currency. lost their jobs in the Panic of 1837. opposed paper money. hated Andrew Jackson. D Most Difficult p. 368 Factual 1 The Whig Party believed that government was an agency of moral reform. was a necessary evil. was a corrupting influence on political leaders. offered the most the most effective means of ending slavery. should strengthen the military and embark on overseas expansion. A Average p. 366 Analytical 1 Whigs differed from Democrats in their approach to public schools in that Whigs believed religious instruction should not be included in public schools. schools should be centralized and controlled by state boards of education. schools should be locally controlled. women should not be allowed to teach in the public schools. schools should be integrated. B Most Difficult p. 370 Analytical 1 Most southern voters supported extending the right to vote to free blacks. supported social improvement legislation. believed in government support for religion. supported higher taxes. opposed social improvement legislation. E Average p. 366 Analytical 1 Beer was introduced into America by the English. Germans. Irish. Africans. Italians. B Average p. 376 Factual 1 The primary membership of the American Colonization Society came from the northern working classes. F Average p. 378 Factual 1 The Female Moral Reform Society attempted to teach prostitutes morality and household skills. T Average p. 382 Factual 1 The reformer Sylvester Graham (creator of the graham cracker) lectured that sex was a dangerous activity that led to bodily weakness and disease. T Most Difficult p. 381 Factual 1 The abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison was The North Star. F Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 Of the two major political parties between 1820 and 1840, the Whigs and Democrats, the Democrats were far more likely to promote racism. T Average p. 376 Analytical 1 In the 1830s, the major complaint of Democrats regarding canal projects was there were not enough of them to benefit the "common folk." F Average p. 369 Analytical 1 Many new public schools of the early nineteenth century attempted to inculcate students with the individualistic values of the developing market economy. T Most Difficult p. 370 Factual 1 In the 1830s and 1840s, the Whig Party argued that the government should support economic growth and social progress. T Average p. 366 Analytical 1 Most Democrats in the period from 1820 to 1840 were suspicious of any type of paper currency. T Average p. 368 Factual 1 For the most part, in the 1830s and 1840s, the strongest support for the Whig Party was in the North and the strongest support for the Democratic Party was in the South. F Most Difficult p. 364-365 Factual 1 In the 1830s, most atheists and free thinkers voted for the Whig Party. F Average p. 365 Factual 1 Democrats in the mid-nineteenth century saw the government as a potentially dangerous concentration of power in the hands of selfish and greedy businessmen. T Average p. 366 Analytical 1 Democrats often doubted the value of commerce. F Most Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 Dorothea Dix advocated the use of flogging and cold showers in the treatment of the insane. F Average p. 371 Factual 1 Irish and German immigrants strongly supported the temperance movement. F Least Difficult p. 376 Factual 1 Democrats believed in a limited government. T Average p. 366 Factual 1 Support for the Democratic or Whig Party was a matter of personal identity as much as of political preference. T Average p. 364 Analytical 1 The New York Magdalen Society blamed prostitution on the brutality and lust of men. T Average p. 382 Factual 1 Throughout the 1830s and 1840s, the southern states as a whole voted overwhelmingly Whig. F Least Difficult p. 365 Analytical 1 Southern political divisions had little to do with religion. T Least Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 Democrats often praised market society outright. F Most Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 Democrats saw government as a tool of progress. F Average p. 366 Analytical 1 "Hard-money" Democrats trusted and supported banks. F Average p. 368 Analytical 1 Whig education reformers cared more about character building than about traditional academic subjects. T Average p. 369 Analytical 1 Whig educators taught that social questions could be reduced to questions of individual character. T Average p. 369 Analytical 1 A majority of middle-class evangelicals supported abolition. F Least Difficult p. 378 Analytical 1 The Democrats' approach to prisons emphasized rehabilitation. F Average p. 371 Analytical 1 Democrats were more likely than Whigs to approve appropriations for the more expensive and humane moral treatment centers. F Most Difficult p. 371 Analytical 1 The first temperance organization was originally called the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance. T Least Difficult p. 373 Factual 1 Reformist Whig evangelicals equated luxury with sin. T Average p. 381 Analytical 1 Washingtonians openly identified themselves as members of the working class. T Average p. 375 Analytical 1 The Washington Temperance Society remained strong throughout the 1850s. F Average p. 375 Factual 1 Self-denial was a key action for middle-class moral reformers. T Least Difficult p. 381 Factual 1 Whigs and Democrats encouraged the aspirations of slaves and free blacks. F Average p. 376 Analytical 1 Herman Melville, a lifelong Democrat, wrote a novel about slave violence and treachery. T Average p. 378 Factual 1 The American Anti-Slavery Society demanded gradual emancipation of slaves. F Most Difficult p. 378 Analytical 1 Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney supported the abolitionists in the 1830s. F Average p. 379 Analytical 1 Many of the reforms urged by Whig evangelicals had to do with domestic and personal life rather than with politics. T Average p. 381 Analytical 1 Democrats believed that because government rested in the hands of imperfect individuals, it had to be limited. T Most Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 Whigs based their argument for internal improvements on as assumed connection between market society and moral progress. T Most Difficult p. 369 Analytical 1 Horace Mann was most interested in the establishment of ____________________. public schools Average p. 369 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Temperance Society was primarily a working-class organization opposed to the abuse of alcohol. Washington Most Difficult p. 375 Factual 1 0 ____________________, a New York doctor, declared the whites and blacks were different species. John Van Evrie Most Difficult p. 376 Factual 1 0 In response to the American Anti-Slavery Society's postal campaign, President ____________________ permitted southern postal workers to censor the mail. Andrew Jackson Most Difficult p. 380 Factual 1 0 One of the most prominent forms of prison reform, attempting to both reform and reduce expenses, was the ____________________. Auburn System Least Difficult p. 371 Factual 1 0 Rural Democrats in the Northwest were called ____________________ because of the vegetable dye used to color their clothing. Butternuts Average p. 365 Factual 1 0 Tax-supported public schools were known as ____________________. common schools Least Difficult p. 369 Factual 1 0 The only state to imitate Pennsylvania's prison system was ____________________. New Jersey Most Difficult p. 371 Factual 1 0 The more cosmopolitan southern communities tended to support the ____________________. Whigs Least Difficult p. 365 Analytical 1 0 Evangelicals in the ____________________ were most likely to push for moral legislation on such issues as Sabbath observance or temperance. North Average p. 365 Analytical 1 0 In the North, the churchgoing middle class were the core of the ____________________ Party. Whig Least Difficult p. 365 Analytical 1 0 The leading advocate of humane treatment for the insane was ____________________. Dorothea Dix Least Difficult p. 371 Factual 1 0 By 1860, the legislatures of ____________________ of the 33 states had established state-run insane asylums. 28 Average p. 372 Factual 1 0 The U.S. Army put an end to the liquor ration in ____________________. 1832 Average p. 373 Factual 1 0 Abolitionism found its greatest regional support in ____________________ . New England Average p. 378 Factual 1 0 The British outlawed the Atlantic slave trade in ____________________. 1808 Least Difficult p. 378 Factual 1 0 New York's Married Women's Property Act was passed in ____________________. 1860 Average p. 383 Factual 1 0 ____________________ political divisions had little to do with religion. Southern Least Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 0 ____________________ argued for the primacy of citizenship. Democrats Average p. 367 Analytical 1 0 ____________________ believed that alcohol was an addictive drug that could turn even moderate drinkers into hopeless drunkards. Lyman Beecher Average p. 373 Factual 1 0 ____________________ became the first state to limit the sale of alcohol through passage in 1838 of the Fifteen Gallon Law. Massachusetts Average p. 374 Factual 1 0 The only male delegate at the Seneca Falls convention was ____________________. Fredrick Douglass Most Difficult p. 383 Factual 1 0 Oberlin College was established in ____________________. 1832 Most Difficult p. 381 Factual 1 0 By 1860, every slave state except the Carolinas and ____________________ operated prisons on the Auburn model. Florida Most Difficult p. 372 Factual 1 0 The abolitionists launched the ____________________ Campaign to flood the mails with their antislavery material. postal Most Difficult p. 379 Factual 1 0 An organization that blamed prostitution on the brutality of men and sought to reform prostitutes was the ____________________ Society. Magdalen Average p. 382 Factual 1 0 The Bank of the United States was ended under the administration of ____________________. Andrew Jackson Least Difficult p. 367 Factual 1 0 In the North the Whig party was grounded in the ____________________ revolution. market Least Difficult p. 366 Analytical 1 0 The political party that advocated separation of church and state was the ____________________ Party. Democratic Least Difficult p. 364 Analytical 1 0 The political party most likely to support prohibition of alcohol was the ____________________ Party. Whig Least Difficult p. 373 Analytical 1 0 William Lloyd Garrison: leading abolitionist of the mid-nineteenth century. Editor of the Liberator and leading advocate for immediate abolition of slavery. Was a major participant in the American Anti-Slavery Society. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Dorothea Dix: leading advocate for the humane treatment of the insane in early national America. She wanted asylums to be clean, safe, nurturing places where the insane would receive gentle care. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Declaration of Sentiments: statement of the women's rights advocates at Seneca Falls (1848) that called for equal wages, better access to property, and, most importantly, the right to vote. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Horace Mann: superintendent of Massachusetts school system in the early nineteenth century. One of the leading supporters for a system of public education, or common schools. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Washington Temperance Society: a working-class organization that tried to persuade drinkers to reform. Hoped to preserve the self-respect and authority of laboring men. Not an evangelical religious movement. Promoted popular entertainment and speeches by reformed alcoholics. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 gradual emancipation: the process used by most of the northern states to free the slaves. Pennsylvania's 1780 law was the first to do this, providing that all slaves who were born after 1780 would be set free on their twenty-eighth birthday. Those born prior to 1780 would not be freed. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Sylvester Graham: evangelical minister and temperance lecturer who preached that excessive indulgence in rich food and sexual excitement was unhealthy. He advocated bland food, vegetarianism, and dull marital sex. The graham cracker was named for him. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Lyman Beecher: leader of the temperance movement who wrote Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils and Remedy of Intemperance declaring alcohol an addictive drug and warning of the dangers of drinking any alcohol. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Auburn system: prison system that used military discipline and the rule of silence in an effort to reform criminals. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 What was the temperance movement? How did it affect American society in the early national period? The temperance movement of the early national period was a reaction to the growth in the use (and abuse) of alcohol that characterized early nineteenth-century society. The early national period was a time of profound change: market development, industrial growth, and political splintering. These factors exacerbated the dramatic growth in alcoholism. The social repercussions of alcohol abuse--domestic violence, poor work habits, and crime--were compounded by the medical repercussions--mental illness, physical ailments, and even death. Many believed that men addicted to alcohol could not be good republican citizens. Hence, the advocates of temperance believed that abstinence from the use of alcohol altogether would uphold republican values and would make possible the practices necessary to uphold a virtuous society. Very influential in the temperance movement were religious evangelists, like Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney, who argued that alcohol was a master controlling a slave (the drinker), and preventing him from attaining salvation. By 1835, the American Temperance Society, a mixture of Whigs and evangelists, claimed over 1.5 million members. In addition, working-class organizations such as the Washington Temperance Society joined the attack on alcohol (although they never allied themselves with their more conservative middle-class compatriots), arguing that drink undermined the important role that the worker played in American politics. These combined movements were successful, since the annual consumption of alcohol dropped by more than one-half in the 1840s. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the various approaches to prison reform during the period from 1820 to 1840. What were the goals and successes of those who wished to reform America's prisons? Before the 1820s and the market revolution, many Americans saw crime, vice, and poverty as a sign of God's retribution on sinful people. In the period following the dramatic social changes of these years, however, many Americans increasingly saw crime as a product of circumstance, the result of abusive parents, poor schooling and upbringing, and limited opportunities. Reformers hoped to place criminals in a controlled and regimented setting in order to teach them the good middle-class values of discipline and work, and make them better citizens. The "Auburn System" stands out as the culmination of reformist ideas regarding convicted criminals. This system was designed to reform criminals as well as reduce expenses, since prisons were involved in various types of outwork production. Prisoners slept in solitary cells and, when together, were forbidden to speak to one another at any time. Democrats tended to favor a harsher, more profitable system, the best example being Sing Sing (Ossining). Punishment, not reward (as put forward by the Auburn System) was favored. Whether either system was successful is unclear, since there was no noticeable reduction in crime (although neither system claimed to act as a deterrent) in the years following their introduction. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the movement for public-school reform in the United States. Before the early nineteenth century, common schools, or public schools, were entirely matters of the local community. Few states mandated that children had to receive an education--Massachusetts being one of the most significant exceptions. Even in Massachusetts, though, the matter of education was a local concern--a community could choose to supply a school for at least some months of the year, or it had the option of paying a fine. Not until the 1830s did both major political parties, Democrats and Whigs, concede that a public education was a proper function of government, since an educated citizenry was also a more virtuous and healthy one. How the citizen was to be educated, however, still led to disagreement. Horace Mann and many Whig school reformers felt that students should be educated to respect authority, in addition to learning to read and write. Of special importance to school reformers was teaching the values and beliefs of the new emerging market society. Because of this, there was a middle-class bias to the school curriculum. Often, books that were read and lessons that were studied emphasized the prevailing Protestant middle-class ideology of mid-nineteenth-century America. The public school system, at least in the minds of the middle class, was not to be a democratizing experience, but an elevating one, for the increasingly Catholic working class. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the condition of free African Americans in northern society during the early national period. Before the American Revolution, many northern cities (and some rural areas for that matter), had large numbers of black slaves. Following the Revolution, because of both ideological and economic changes, the North began to move away from slavery. The earliest manumission societies evolved during the Revolution itself and, by the 1820s, only a few hundred African Americans were still enslaved. During this period, although racism existed, African Americans occupied an important position in the social and economic sphere of many northern cities. They were craftsmen and skilled artisans, as well as day laborers, dock workers, and cartmen. From the 1820s onward, however, significant changes began to take place in the urban economies of the Northeast. First, the movement toward a market economy spurred interest in commercial development, creating opportunities in port cities (New York, Boston, and Philadelphia). Second, an increasing number of white wage-workers began to edge black workers out of jobs because of discrimination in hiring practices and, finally, the use of violence. 1834 was the date of the first major race riot in American history, and the issue was jobs. Free blacks also saw the franchise, their political voice, being taken away from them during the 1830s, as the Democratic Party became the party of race-baiting. Black children were excluded from public schools, and blacks were excluded from many white churches. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Analyze the antislavery movement in the United States in the years following the 1830s. Before the 1830s, the antislavery movement in the United States was limited to very few organizations and individuals. The two most significant antislavery groups were the Quaker Church and the American Colonization Society. The Colonization Society was a somewhat awkward organization whose goal was to transport freed slaves back to Africa. Neither organization was very successful in opposing slavery. During the 1820s and 1830s, however, at the height of the market transformation of American society, a new and far more significant challenge to the institution of slavery developed--the American Anti-Slavery Society with William Lloyd Garrison at its helm. Garrison and others were clear about their desires. Dismissing the feeble call for "gradual emancipation," Garrison demanded full and immediate abolition of slavery, or "immediatism." Immediatism was a new and radical demand and dramatically altered the landscape of the antislavery movement. Within a few years, several hundred thousand middle-class artisans, businessmen, factory workers, and commercial farmers from the Northeast and Northwest joined the antislavery crusade. This upswell of support for abolitionism was directly related to the rise of commercial capitalism and the possibilities of "free labor." TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the development of the Women's Rights Movement in post-1820 America. In the early nineteenth century, the role of women in American society changed significantly. More lower-class women and girls were entering the workforce and experiencing wage and job discrimination. Women could not own property, vote, control their pay, or obtain fair divorce decrees. In middle-class families, women were viewed as moral arbiters, nurturers, and homemakers. Their religious sentiments encouraged them to participate in the major reform movements of the era. Women were active in combating prostitution, alcoholism, and slavery. As they fought to improve the lives of others, many women activists realized that their own rights were being violated. The abolitionist movement especially served as a training ground for feminists. The inequalities of slavery were similar in many ways to the inequalities of gender. The official beginning of the Women's Rights Movement was the Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention of 1848. The members of the convention issued a paraphrased version of the Declaration of Independence titled "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions." They asserted their unalienable rights of life, liberty, property, and happiness and maintained that "all men and women were created equal." Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other activists organized and worked steadily from 1848 on to obtain recognition of the citizenship rights of American women. The franchise was the most controversial of the feminists issues and many men responded by ridiculing and insulting the "unsexual women" who made such outrageous demands. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the southern reaction to the middle-class social reforms of the early nineteenth century. Southern society was patriarchal, agricultural, and conservative. The white-male-dominated southern culture rebuffed outside influences, ideas, and interference. Southerners were proud of their traditions and suspicious of expensive social-improvement concepts. Unlike the North, the South had a homogeneous population united by common bonds of ideology and family ties. Even when state legislatures promoted plans for public schools, local authorities limited course offerings and attendance requirements. Schools were not deemed necessary for economic success in the rural cotton culture of the southern states. Southern prisons, though patterned after the Auburn system, emphasized economy and punishment not rehabilitation. Old Testament visions of corporal punishments such as branding, beating, and execution were favored by southern law-enforcement officials and the general public. The prisoner-leasing system was widely used as a means of making prisons cost effective. The temperance movement did make some inroads in southern society. Methodist and Baptist preachers warned against the evils of alcohol, gambling, and dancing. Many men cut back on--or abstained from--the consumption of alcohol. The Washington Temperance Society was influential in many areas of the South. Temperance, however, did not become a matter of public policy in the South as it did in the North. Southerners regarded legislative prohibition as an unwarranted intrusion by the state into a purely private and personal matter. In general, southerners opposed any change that undermined the prevailing power structure. Most of the reform movements originated in the North and therefore seemed to be an attempt to remake southern society according to a Yankee model. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the movement for reform in American society during the market revolution of the early nineteenth century. Essay should address several key points: A. Background to reform 1. Wide-scale commercial development a. Transportation and market revolutions b. Industrialization 2. Social ills in need of reforming a. Abuse of alcohol b. Crime and vice c. Education B. Representative nineteenth-century reforms 1. Temperance a. American Temperance Society b. Importance 2. Prison reform a. Auburn System b. Implications 3. Education a. Horace Mann b. Importance C. Dominant reform movements 1. Slavery a. American Anti-Slavery Society b. William Lloyd Garrison 2. Women's rights a. Seneca Falls b. Declaration of Sentiments
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the demand for women's rights in the years between 1820 and 1850. Essay should address several key points: A. Background to women's rights 1. Subordinate position of women in American society 2. Implications of market revolution for women a. Rise of middle-class ideal b. Mill and factory girls B. Path to women's rights 1. Abolitionism and antislavery a. Women take leading role in antislavery movement b. Implications 2. Problems of inequality a. Unequal divorce and custody laws b. Poor access to property control c. No public political voice C. Seneca Falls (1848) 1. First women's rights convention 2. Demands of Declaration of Sentiments a. Right to vote b. Right to divorce c. Right to property
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the differences between the two major political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, between 1820 and 1840. Essay should address several key points: A. General principles of both parties 1. Democratic Party a. Limited federal government b. Opposed to active intrusion in the economy i) internal improvements ii) banks iii) tariffs 2. Whig Party a. Call for active federal intervention b. Strong supporter of federal role in the economy i) internal improvements ii) banks iii) tariffs B. Base support of both parties 1. Democratic Party a. Working-class, small farmers b. Groups suspicious of market development 2. Whig Party a. Emerging middle class: farmers, merchants, financiers b. Groups supportive of commercial development
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Discuss American views on slavery and racial differences in the years from 1820 to 1840. Essay should address several key points: A. Free blacks 1. Northern abolition of slavery a. Influence of revolutionary ideals b. Gradual emancipation 2. Urban life a. Job opportunities b. Discrimination c. African-American institutions B. Racism in politics and philosophy 1. Democratic Party promotes racism a. Stereotypes of African Americans b. Race riots 2. Biological determinism a. Early views of black character b. Post-1820 views of black character c. Unfit for citizenship C. Antislavery movement 1. Early abolitionists a. Quakers b. American Colonization Society 2. American Anti-Slavery Society a. William Lloyd Garrison b. Postal Campaign of 1835
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1