-176594 CHAPTER 5—REFORM, RESISTANCE, REVOLUTION Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Britain's new imperial policy after 1763 can best be described as one of increased centralized control over the colonies. one of relaxed control over the colonies. unchanged from before 1763. one that sought to get rid of the colonies. one that sought to exterminate the Indians. A Average p. 152 Analytical 1 During Pontiac's War, combined Indian tribal forces seized ten British forts and besieged two others. the English introduced germ warfare by giving the Indians smallpox-infested blankets. the Paxton Boys murdered unarmed Christian Indian men, women, and children. the Indians were united as never before. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 The Sugar Act (1764) placed a duty, or tax, on imported French molasses. domestic refined sugar. British molasses. Canadian rum. all agricultural products. A Least Difficult p. 153-154 Factual 1 The group most adversely affected by the passage of the Sugar Act (1764) were Virginia planters. New England merchants. Pennsylvania farmers. New York manorial lords. backcountry traders. B Average p. 154 Analytical 1 The Proclamation of 1763 called for an intercolonial government. prohibited American settlements west of the Appalachian mountains. attempted to raise a revenue in the colonies. attempted to grant the colonists representatives in Parliament. declared colonial resistance to imperial rule. B Least Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 Which of the following was not part of Britain's new imperial system after 1763? Sugar Act Molasses Act Stamp Act Currency Act Quartering Act B Most Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 The reason most Americans took up arms in 1775 was to establish a republican regime. avoid paying taxes. restore the empire to what it had been before 1763. establish a radically new vision of the future. fight the Indians. C Average p. 180 Analytical 1 George Washington was named commander of the Continental Army primarily because of his victory at Fort Duquesne in 1755. he was from the South. he was respected as a powerful leader. he had amassed a large fighting force loyal only to him. he was sympathetic to the British position. B Most Difficult p. 177 Analytical 1 The so-called Olive Branch Petition to the king in 1775 more or less declared that a state of war existed in North America. called for increased trade between the colonies and the mother country. attacked George III. belligerently affirmed colonial rights. affirmed the loyalty of the colonists to the crown. E Average p. 178 Factual 1 The main argument of Thomas Paine's Common Sense moderated the system of taxation employed by the British. demanded representation in the British Parliament. denounced the monarchy as a degenerate institution. called for George Washington to be named king. demanded that France enter the war. C Least Difficult p. 180 Analytical 1 Britain's hiring soldiers from ____ to fight the colonists infuriated North Americans. Canada Germany France Spain Portugal B Least Difficult p. 180 Factual 1 The English responded to colonial complaints against "taxation without representation" by asserting that colonial lobbyists in London represented local interests there. the assemblies provided adequate protection for colonial rights. each member of Parliament virtually represented all the citizens of the empire. each colony could send a representative to the House of Commons. representation was not necessary for a government to tax. C Most Difficult p. 157 Analytical 1 ____ drafted the Virginia Resolutions in 1765, which stated that colonists could be taxed only by their own assemblies. George Washington John Dickinson Patrick Henry Thomas Jefferson James Madison C Average p. 157 Factual 1 The Declaratory Act repealed the Stamp Act. declared that the colonies were in a state of insurrection. asserted Parliament's absolute right to legislate for the colonies. nullified the charters of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. established new taxes on the colonists. C Average p. 159 Factual 1 The principal reform envisioned by the Townshend Revenue Act was to raise revenue. unload tea from the East India Company. establish the power of the King to tax. hurt colonial trade. pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges. E Least Difficult p. 161 Factual 1 In response to the Gaspée affair of 1772-73, colonial assemblies formed militia units. committees of correspondence. provisional governments. a national army. a delegation to Parliament. B Average p. 165 Factual 1 The "regulators" in the Carolinas were committees that opposed British policy. committees that attempted to regulate the backcountry economy. settlers that attempted to impose order in the absence of an organized government. tax collectors who made regular collections from residents. farmers who made illegal liquor. C Least Difficult p. 168 Factual 1 Reasons for the colonists' anger over the Tea Act included the monopolization rights given to certain merchants. the attempt to tax the colonists with cheaper tea. many tea merchants would be hurt by the act. fear that it would lead to further destruction of liberty. all of the above. E Least Difficult p. 172 Analytical 1 The Coercive Acts attempted to impose new taxes on the colonies. forced the port of Boston to remain open to British ships. reorganized the government of Massachusetts. extended the power of the governor of New York. suppressed the rights of Catholics in Maryland. C Average p. 172 Factual 1 The British government measure that established French civil law and the Roman Catholic Church in the province of Quebec was known as the Toleration Act. Quebec Act. Proclamation of 1763. Coercive Act. the Stamp Act. B Least Difficult p. 172 Factual 1 The colonial response to the Coercive Acts (1774) was the calling of the Confederation Congress. the First Continental Congress. the Second Continental Congress. the Albany Congress. a constitutional convention. B Average p. 175 Factual 1 The goal of the British troops sent to Lexington and Concord in April 1775 was to destroy the military equipment stored there. to arrest John Hancock. to arrest Samuel Adams. to demonstrate the authority to use force against the delinquents. all of the above. E Least Difficult p. 175 Factual 1 The Tea Act (1773) attempted to save the British East India Company from financial disaster. removed the tax on colonists' tea. increased the price of colonists' tea. placed a high new tax on the colonists' tea. was endorsed by the American tea sellers. A Average p. 171 Factual 1 In 1770, British Parliament repealed each of the Townshend Duties except for the one on glass. lead. tea. paper. painters' colors. C Least Difficult p. 165 Factual 1 The group most responsible for overt resistance to acts of Parliament were the Paxton Boys. Sons of Liberty. colonial assemblies. "regulators." citizens of Pennsylvania. B Average p. 157 Factual 1 The Revenue Act of 1766 amended the ____ Act by reducing the duty on molasses from three pence per gallon to one penny. Sugar Stamp Quartering Townshend Declaratory A Average p. 160 Factual 1 In 1772, Rhode Islanders boarded the British customs vessel ____ and burned it. Liberty Hispaniola Gaspée Constitution Bounty C Least Difficult p. 166 Factual 1 The religious group in North America that led the attack on slavery were the Catholics. Presbyterians. Baptists. Quakers. Jews. D Least Difficult p. 170 Factual 1 The colonial response to the Stamp Act included street violence and riots. economic boycotts. petitions to Parliament. resolutions passed by colonial assemblies. all of the above. E Least Difficult p. 157-158 Factual 1 The colonists opposed the Stamp Tax because it was the first direct internal tax passed by Parliament for the North American colonies. was an indirect external tax on goods imported into the colonies. was too expensive to enforce. gave too much authority to colonial common law courts. required a large number of tax collectors to be sent from England. A Average p. 156 Factual 1 The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by John Adams. Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson. James Madison. Patrick Henry. C Least Difficult p. 182 Factual 1 The purpose of George Grenville's revenue policies was to force the colonies to pay the entire British debt from the French-Indian War. reward the colonies that assisted England during the French-Indian War centralize and increase British control over all of the colonies. encourage voluntary participation of the colonies in determining their own tax burden. encourage the colonies to declare independence. C Most Difficult p. 152 Factual 1 The Sons of Liberty was the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence. a group of English customs officials who refused to take bribes from colonial merchants. a division of the Continental Army. a group of Indians that united to resist white settlement in the West. a group of colonists that organized violent protests against English tax laws. E Average p. 157 Factual 1 Which of the following was not part of the Townshend program? a tax on tea, paper, paint, lead, and glass imported into the colonies recognition of colonial authority in providing supplies and housing for British troops the use of tax revenues to pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges relocation of British troops from the frontier to the major seaport cities creation of a separate American Board of Customs Commissioners in Boston B Most Difficult p. 161 Factual 1 Colonial assemblies set up committees of correspondence to coordinate intercolonial communication and organize efforts to defend American liberties. send letters and petitions expressing colonial views to Spain and France. organize the first postal system in North America. improve relations between merchants in America and in England. share information regarding Indian uprisings. A Average p. 166 Factual 1 The Boston Massacre trials and the Gaspee Affair convinced the English that they should vigorously punish individual political activists. temporarily reduced tensions between the colonies and England. increased colonial fear and distrust of English motives and policies. effectively established Parliament's right to tax the colonies. had no lasting impact on relations between the colonies and England. C Most Difficult p. 166 Analytical 1 One of the consequences of colonial rhetoric about liberty and rights was the ordination of women as lay preachers in the Anglican church. an end to the use of indentured servants. an increase in the number of declared skeptics and atheists. extending the right to vote to women. agitation for the extension of equality and freedom to all people including slaves. E Most Difficult p. 170 Analytical 1 Sarah Osborn was noted as the first black college student in American history. one of the victims of the Boston Massacre. the founder of an innovative Newport School for women and Africans. a vocal opponent of the nonimportation policy. a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. C Average p. 170 Factual 1 Colonists objected to the Quebec Act because it nullified colonial property rights in Ohio. extended French civil law to the area between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River. established French as the official language of Canada. blocked chances for their own expansion. raised their taxes. B Average p. 172 Factual 1 The Boston Massacre occurred when a group of British soldiers illegally fired into a crowd that was harassing them. was followed by a murder trial in which John Adams acted as a defense attorney. resulted in a change of quarters for British soldiers to Castle William in Boston harbor. marked the failure of Britain's attempt at military coercion. all of the above E Most Difficult p. 164 Factual 1 By early 1776, delegates within the Second Continental Congress from all of the following colonies except ____ voted for independence. New England. Georgia. New York. Virginia. Massachusetts C Average p. 182 Factual 1 The Stamp Act was at first reluctantly accepted by most colonial leaders. was an external tax. was the last in a series of direct taxes on the colonies. exempted newspapers and pamphlets. lowered taxes in the colonies. A Most Difficult p. 157 Analytical 1 All of the following are true about the Revenue Act of 1766 except that it reduced the duty on molasses. it was clearly a revenue measure. it generated more income for the empire than any other colonial tax. it applied only to foreign molasses imported into the mainland. few colonists attacked it for violating the principle of no taxation without representation. D Most Difficult p. 160 Analytical 1 The 1767 confrontation over implementation of the Quartering Act occurred in Massachusetts. New York. Pennsylvania. Virginia. Georgia. B Average p. 161 Factual 1 Revenues raised by the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 were to be used for pay for Britain's military wars in Europe. supporting the British royal family. paying the salaries of governors and judges in the colonies. paying for British soldiers stationed in the colonies. payments to customs collectors. C Most Difficult p. 161 Analytical 1 Which of the following statements about the Tea Act of 1773 is not true? It repealed import duties on tea in England. It mandated that tea to the colonies arrive only on special East India Company ships. It restricted tea sales to only a few distributors in each colonial port. The East India Company's tea would sell cheaper than smuggled tea. It was designed to provide the British government with much-needed revenue. E Most Difficult p. 172 Analytical 1 The only colony not to send a delegation to the First Continental Congress was Georgia. Vermont. Rhode Island. South Carolina. Massachusetts. A Least Difficult p. 175 Factual 1 The greatest revenues to come in from the Sugar Act were expected to be from the tax on refined sugar. molasses. Madeira wine. coffee. tea. B Most Difficult p. 154 Factual 1 The Cherokee War lasted from 1750-1770. occurred in the Carolinas. began when Cherokee warriors attacked Charleston. demonstrated the strength of British troops in America. was fought against the Spanish in Florida. B Average p. 168 Factual 1 Which of the following was not a consequence of the Boston Tea Party? British soldiers could now be housed among civilians if necessary. Town meetings in Massachusetts were prohibited. The port of Boston was closed until Bostonians had made restitution for the tea. British soldiers or officials charged with a crime in Massachusetts would be tried either in another colony or in England. the Massachusetts council was to be appointed. B Most Difficult p. 172 Analytical 1 The First Continental Congress met in New York. Boston. Philadelphia. Charleston. Washington. C Least Difficult p. 175 Factual 1 Which of the following statements is not true concerning the New England Restraining Act? It barred New Englanders from the Atlantic fisheries. It allowed New England to trade with England. It was introduced to Parliament in January 1775. It prohibited commerce between New England and any place except Britain and the British West Indies. It banned New England's commerce with the British West Indies. E Most Difficult p. 175 Factual 1 The Quartering Act (1765) stated that one-fourth of the revenue from the Stamp Act was to be given back to the colonies. F Average p. 156 Factual 1 The Proclamation of 1763 was designed to benefit western Indians. T Most Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 The unpopular lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, whose home was destroyed by a crowd in 1765, was Daniel Dulany. F Most Difficult p. 158 Factual 1 John Wilkes was the advisor to the king most criticized by North American colonists. F Average p. 163 Factual 1 The Proclamation of 1763 banned all new settlement in northern New England. F Average p. 153 Factual 1 The Currency Act of 1764 forbade the colonies to issue any paper money as legal tender. T Least Difficult p. 155 Factual 1 The Quartering Act of 1765 successfully resolved the vexing problem of how to house British troops in the Americas. F Average p. 156 Analytical 1 George Washington was named military commander of the Continental Army because he had military experience and was from a region outside of the northeast. T Average p. 177 Analytical 1 All thirteen colonial assemblies considered a stamp tax to be unconstitutional. T Average p. 156-157 Factual 1 The Coercive Acts were implemented in response to the Boston Massacre. F Least Difficult p. 172 Factual 1 The idea that the British Parliament represented the needs and interests of all the empire's subjects was known as virtual representation. T Least Difficult p. 156 Analytical 1 Following the Coercive Acts, the American colonies called the First Continental Congress. T Least Difficult p. 174 Factual 1 The author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania was John Dickinson. T Average p. 161 Factual 1 The Quebec Act (1774) established French civil law and the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec. T Least Difficult p. 172-173 Factual 1 A common colonial complaint against the Sugar and Stamp Acts was that they were implemented simply to regulate trade. F Least Difficult p. 157 Analytical 1 During the 1760s, the Hudson River Valley was the scene of widespread tenant unrest. T Least Difficult p. 166 Factual 1 The goal of George Grenville's revenue plan was to force the colonies to pay Britain's national debt. F Least Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 By the summer of 1776, patriot forces had won control of the territory in all thirteen colonies. T Average p. 180 Factual 1 The skirmish between British troops and colonists that led to the death of five colonists was the Boston Massacre. T Average p. 164 Factual 1 The first colonial crisis to develop after 1763 was over the Tea Act. F Least Difficult p. 151 Factual 1 Throughout the fighting during the spring and summer of 1775, the colonial objective was to restore government by consent of the Crown. T Most Difficult p. 178 Analytical 1 At first, Britain's George Grenville used voluntary measures to get the colonists to pay for British troops stationed in North America. F Most Difficult p. 152 Analytical 1 Pontiac's War was named for a Seneca chief. F Most Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 The Paxton Boys were all convicted of murder. F Least Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 The 1733 Molasses Act was successful in keeping French molasses out of the British colonies in North America. F Average p. 153-154 Factual 1 The motive behind the American invasion of Canada in June 1775 was territorial expansion. F Most Difficult p. 177 Analytical 1 The Quartering Act of 1765 required the army to quarter its soldiers in public buildings rather than private homes. T Average p. 156 Analytical 1 The Stamp Act was the last in a series of direct taxes on the colonies. F Most Difficult p. 156 Analytical 1 The turmoil in the colonies over the Stamp Act cost George Grenville his job. F Most Difficult p. 158 Factual 1 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act primarily because of pressure from British merchants and manufacturers. T Average p. 158-159 Factual 1 The Declaratory Act was acceptable to the colonists because they interpreted it as prohibiting Parliament from levying taxes on the colonists. T Most Difficult p. 159 Analytical 1 The primary purpose of the Townshend Revenue Act was not to generate revenue. T Most Difficult p. 161 Factual 1 Tea provided three-quarters of the revenue raised under the Townshend Revenue Act. T Average p. 161 Factual 1 As various unpopular parliamentary restrictions on the colonists' activities were repealed in the early 1770s, the colonists' confidence in the British government was restored. F Most Difficult p. 165 Analytical 1 Many colonists blamed one another for failing to win complete repeal of all of the Townshend duties. T Average p. 165 Analytical 1 The actual monetary loss resulting from the tea destroyed in Boston Tea Party was small. F Average p. 172 Factual 1 The threat of colonial nonexportation was much more radical than nonimportation. T Average p. 175 Analytical 1 The Second Continental Congress operated as an American equivalent of Parliament. F Most Difficult p. 178 Analytical 1 Thomas Paine's Common Sense was particularly effective in nudging the Mid-Atlantic colonies toward independence. T Average p. 180 Analytical 1 The Paxton Boys desired to kill Indians who refused to convert to Christianity. F Average p. 153 Analytical 1 The ____________________ Act (1764) forbade the colonies from issuing any paper money as legal tender. Currency Average p. 155 Factual 1 0 Pennsylvania vigilantes that attempted to destroy Christian Indians on the western frontier were known as the ____________________. Paxton Boys Average p. 153 Factual 1 0 ____________________ Rising in 1763 had as its goal the removal of British colonists from the area between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. Pontiac's Average p. 153 Factual 1 0 The principal advisor to King George III was John Stuart, also known as the earl of ____________________. Bute Most Difficult p. 152 Factual 1 0 In response to the Boston Port Act, colonists organized the First ____________________. Continental Congress Least Difficult p. 175 Factual 1 0 The British commander who took over as governor of Massachusetts and closed the Port of Boston was General ____________________. Thomas Gage Most Difficult p. 172 Factual 1 0 The colonists named the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act the ____________________. Intolerable Acts Average p. 173 Factual 1 0 The Boston slave whose poetry deplored the institution of slavery was ____________________. Phillis Wheatley Most Difficult p. 170-171 Analytical 1 0 Volunteer colonial militia who were ready to defend their communities at a moment's notice were called ____________________. minutemen Least Difficult p. 174 Factual 1 0 German mercenary soldiers hired by the English during the American Revolution were called ____________________. Hessians Least Difficult p. 180 Factual 1 0 Sir ____________________ , British commander in the colonies, requested the Quartering Act in 1765. Thomas Gage Average p. 156 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Act launched the first post-1763 colonial crisis. Stamp Least Difficult p. 156 Factual 1 0 During the Seven Years' War, ____________________ was Britain's only major ally in Europe. Prussia Average p. 152 Factual 1 0 ____________________ led the first wave of opposition to the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Patrick Henry Average p. 157 Factual 1 0 ____________________ colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress. Nine Most Difficult p. 157 Factual 1 0 In 1761, ____________________ called for an end to Indian dependence on Anglo-Americans. Neolin Most Difficult p. 153 Factual 1 0 The stamp masters in every colony except ____________________ were forced to resign even before the Stamp Act was scheduled to go into effect. Georgia Most Difficult p. 158 Factual 1 0 ____________________, a Philadelphia lawyer, authored Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in which he argued that all parliamentary taxation for revenue violated individual rights. John Dickinson Most Difficult p. 161 Factual 1 0 ____________________ led colonial opposition to the Townshend Revenue Act. Massachusetts Average p. 162 Factual 1 0 "The Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms" was written mostly by ____________________. Thomas Jefferson Average p. 178 Factual 1 0 The state of ____________________ abstained in the vote to approve the Declaration of Independence. New York Average p. 182 Factual 1 0 In the 1760s, the most literate African population in the colonies was in ____________________. Newport Most Difficult p. 170 Factual 1 0 The first Sons of Liberty were organized in the city of ____________________. Boston Average p. 157 Factual 1 0 Britain's first effort at military coercion of the colonies failed with the ____________________. Boston Massacre Average p. 164 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was a radical member of Parliament who defended English liberties and openly sympathized with North American protestors. American colonists held him up as representative of freedom. John Wilkes Average p. 163-164 Analytical 1 0 The first direct tax that Parliament levied on the colonists was the ____________________ tax. Stamp Least Difficult p. 156 Factual 1 0 An act, passed after the failure of the Stamp Act that affirmed Parliament's sovereignty over the colonies was the ____________________ Act. Declaratory Average p. 159 Factual 1 0 The minister in charge of colonial policy under William Pitt was ____________________. Charles Townshend Average p. 160 Factual 1 0 The Massachusetts assembly urged other assemblies to resist new taxes in the ____________________ Letter. This letter led to a crisis when colonial assemblies refused to rescind it and governors dissolved the assemblies. Circular Average p. 162 Factual 1 0 Riots broke out in Boston when John Hancock's sloop, the ____________________, was seized. Liberty Average p. 162 Factual 1 0 Stamp Act: Passed by George Grenville in 1765, angering much of the colonial population because it taxed newspapers, pamphlets, and most legal procedures. Led to colonial resistance. Eventually repealed. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Sugar Act: important part of Britain's attempt to reorganize its imperial system in 1764 and to raise revenue. Called for duties to be placed on a variety of products, the most important of which was molasses. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Wilkes: popular British oppositionist writer. Author of the North Britain. Accused of seditious libel against King George III in 1763. Was jailed, freed, but forced to flee to France. Later elected to, expelled from, and re-elected to the House of Commons. Became increasingly popular in the colonies, where he was considered a champion of individual rights. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Dickinson: colonial pamphlet writer opposed to British imperial policy. In his Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, he questioned the distinction between internal and external taxes, opposed all revenue-raising Parliamentary taxes, and examined the motives behind the Townshend Acts. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 First Continental Congress: intercolonial body organized in 1774 by North American colonies to voice protest over recent Coercive Acts. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Hancock: Boston merchant who was active within the Sons of Liberty. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Phillis Wheatley: former slave from Boston whose poetry deplored the institution of slavery. Raised as a daughter by owners. Educated, then freed when of age. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Sons of Liberty: patriotic group dedicated to resisting British imperial reforms in the American colonies. Although central to Boston's revolutionary movement, a variation on this group could be found in many colonial cities and towns. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Virtual representation: British political concept. Maintained that all Englishmen were represented by all members of Parliament regardless of an individual MP's constituency. Designed to counter colonial cries against taxation without representation. British thinking maintained that the colonies were indeed represented--in the same way that the large, nonvoting majority in Great Britain was. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Nonimportation agreements: agreements among colonial merchants not to import British goods. Economic measures used in an effort to force concessions from Parliament. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 What was the purpose of the Stamp Act? The Stamp Act was part of the new British imperial policy following the French and Indian War. With the acquisition of Canada, Britain determined that the colonies would have to pay for some portion of their own military protection along the frontier. Following the Sugar Act, George Grenville made it clear that a second revenue-raising measure would be required to increase revenue from the colonies and help to pay the cost of the defensive military force. In 1765, Grenville proposed, and Parliament passed, the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act mandated that a tax stamp be placed on a variety of goods sold in the colonies (ranging from playing cards to newspapers). This tax (along with the Sugar Act) was the first time Parliament had attempted to tax the colonies directly for the purpose of raising a revenue. It met with quick and stiff resistance in the colonies. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the state of British politics in the critical decade of the 1760s. If British policy in the years between 1763 and 1775 seems a unified system of reorganizing the empire and integrating the colonies into the larger imperial system, the politicians who were implementing this system were anything but unified. Indeed, British politics during these years were among the most factious and crisis-ridden of the eighteenth century. A series of alliances, shifting often, attempted to establish policy, rarely with the support of the opposition, sometimes without the support of George III and his leading advisor, Lord Bute. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, had been forced to resign from the prime minister's position before the end of the Seven Years' War because of his desire to attack Spain, which was seen by Bute and the king as too extravagant and expensive. In addition, Bute forced the powerful Lord Newcastle, First Lord of the Treasury, to resign, in order to economize. This resignation helped to set the stage for the new imperial system of the 1760s--attempts to reorganize imperial power, control, and raise revenue in the colonies. George Grenville became prime minister in 1763 and began to promote a series of measures designed to raise a revenue in the colonies to pay for a British military presence there. Factious British politics continued, however, with Pitt denouncing Grenville's (Pitt's brother-in-law) policies. This internal squabbling continued through the passage of the Stamp Act and eventually, forced the resignation of Grenville, who was spending much of his time dealing with the constitutional issues raised by the Wilkes Affair, and not with matters involving the American colonies. All in all, although colonial commentators believed British politicians to be involved in a conspiratorial attempt to erode their liberties, this threat to colonial liberties was far more likely to come from royal governors. British politicians were more often in cutthroat competition with each other. Grenville outmaneuvered and defeated Wilkes, then passed his American reforms by large majorities but was ultimately dismissed by George III. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the regulator movements. Following the Cherokee War, South Carolina's backcountry faced serious crime problems as huge bands of outlaws roamed the countryside. In the mid-1760s, settlers organized themselves as vigilantes and called themselves "regulators." In North Carolina, the problem was not the absence of government, but its corruption. The court system was under the control of established wealthy families in the eastern part of the colony, as was the legislature. North Carolina regulators decided to take matters into their own hands by organizing militia units, refusing to pay taxes, and agitating for political reform. In 1771, Governor William Tryon responded to this challenge to traditional authority by organizing militia units and marching west to meet the regulators. At Alamance Creek, one thousand militia men engaged a larger force of regulators and defeated them in battle. Several regulator leaders were hanged, further inflaming a volatile situation. Although the regulator movement was temporarily defeated, the seed of discord and division had been planted in the Carolinas and this would reveal itself regularly throughout the Revolutionary period. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the colonial response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. Following the Boston Tea Party and the destruction of East India tea by Boston citizens, Parliament responded with a variety of restrictions--referred to as the Coercive Acts--aimed at punishing and disciplining the colony of Massachusetts Bay. The Coercive Acts included the closing of the Port of Boston and the restructuring of the Massachusetts government. Immediate reactions in Massachusetts included the formation of extralegal governments to counterbalance military rule in Boston as well as the formation of militia units. The general response throughout the colonies was equally strong. Each of the colonies enacted nonimportation agreements and sent aid to Boston. Far more important was the calling of the First Continental Congress, which, for the first time, attempted to bring about intercolonial unity. The Continental Congress demanded the repeal of the Coercive Acts and all taxes for revenue. It also tried to define colonial rights while conceding to Parliament the power to regulate trade. In addition, Congress called for a general nonimportation agreement, constructed a militia system, and made the radical move of planning to meet a second time should the crown's answer prove unsatisfactory. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the causes and significance of the Boston Massacre in 1770. Problems between British troops stationed in Boston and the citizens of the town had developed immediately upon the troops' arrival in the city. Constant confrontations between the town's watch and British sentries, as well as stiff competition for limited jobs in a depressed economy between off-duty British troops and city workmen increased the intense animosity between Bostonians and their "army of occupation." Problems grew worse, though, in late February 1770 after the killing of Christopher Seider (killed by a Bostonian supporter of the British troops), which erupted into a full-fledged riot between British soldiers (looking for work at a local wharf) and workmen in early March. These various preliminaries led to the confrontation between frightened British sentries and a snowball-throwing crowd outside the customs office on the night of March 5, 1770. In the confusion of the moment, the soldiers fired on the crowd, killing five civilians and wounding six more. Although each of the soldiers was acquitted of murder charges with the help of defense attorney John Adams, two were found guilty of manslaughter--but none received any jail sentence. The significance of the "massacre," as it came to be called by the Sons of Liberty, cannot be overlooked. Not only does it represent the failure of Britain's attempt to coerce the colonists with military force, it also became a symbol for the emerging resistance movement. Each year, the people of Boston, under the orchestration of the Sons of Liberty, celebrated the day with the solemnity of a religious event and the symbolism was not lost on the Bostonians or the British. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the beginnings of the antislavery movement in pre-revolutionary America. During the mid-1700s, the institution of slavery in America came under sustained attack for the first time in its history. The antislavery movement arose on both sides of the Atlantic at roughly the same time, but the movement in North America received an added incentive from the revolutionary movement. Quakers were the first significant abolitionists in America, arguing that the institution was incompatible with the teachings of the Bible and the "Inner Light." New Englanders, unsympathetic to Quakers, also began to challenge the institution on both moral and economic grounds. The most interesting arguments for the abolition of slavery came from the slaves themselves. They paraded through the streets of Charleston in 1765 chanting for liberty (shortly after a Sons of Liberty parade of the same theme--albeit from a different oppressor). This made a lasting impression on the people of the town. Equally impressive were the writings of Boston slave Phillis Wheatley, who, in 1772 at the age of 20, published a book of poetry in London. The extent of the antislavery fervor (small, but growing) is revealed by the fact that the first defenses of the institution of slavery began to appear in the 1760s and 1770s. These defenses gave testament to the ways that many Americans dealt with the obvious moral contradictions between their own demands for liberty and their continuing enslavement of Africans. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was the "Feudal Revival" and in what ways did it help generate rural participation in the revolutionary movement? Between 1730 and 1750, a series of interrelated trends increased social tensions in rural America and led many into armed rebellion. Known as the "Feudal Revival," these trends included the revival of old proprietary charters, widespread immigration, and increasing settlement in the backcountry. The revival of charters was most pronounced in the middle colonies, particularly areas like the mid-Hudson Valley. There, manor lords foresaw the possibility for making profits for the first time and began to demand more restrictive leases and commercial payments from their tenants. These demands, occurring at the same time that widespread immigration from New England was taking place, set off a series of manorial rebellions throughout the valley. Similar occurrences took place in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland. In those places, landed proprietors began to rationalize and commercialize their practices, as well as to challenge the land titles of small landholders. These practices, much like those of the Hudson Valley, led to discontent among the small farming population and to outright rebellion in some areas. British troops had to be called in to suppress the Hudson Valley revolts, but riots in other areas never reached the same proportion. All of these events, however, added to the feeling of frustration and agitation in the countryside and helped to bring the rural population into the political turmoil that was engulfing the eastern towns. Although their frustration had little to do with British policy, it was related to an antiestablishment, antiauthoritarian attitude developing in mid-eighteenth-century North America. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explain the development of British imperial policy following the French and Indian War. Essay should address several key points: A. New goals of empire 1. Acquisition of Canada and support for troops a. Proclamation of 1763 b. Quartering Act 2. Revenue generation a. Sugar Act (1764) b. Stamp Act (1765) B. Colonial response 1. All thirteen colonies object to Stamp Act 2. Many mainland colonies attack revenue clause of Sugar Act 3. Colonists reject distinction between "internal" and "external" taxation
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the response of the colonists to the British policy from 1763 to 1773. Essay should address several key points: A. Intellectual and constitutional arguments 1. Debate over Sugar Act a. Limited primarily to merchants b. Implications 2. Opposition to Stamp Act a. Daniel Dulany's attack on "virtual" representation b. Benjamin Franklin and "external" taxation B. Popular response to new taxes 1. Crowd actions and Stamp Act a. Home of Thomas Hutchinson destroyed b. Riots in New York City 2. Townshend Duties and boycotts C. Renewed constitutional and popular arguments 1. Daniel Dulany and "virtual" representation 2. New colonial limitations on British power 3. Opposition to Tea Act a. Opposition to right to tax b. Boston Tea Party
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Outline the final imperial crisis of 1773-1775 that led to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Essay should address several key points: A. Tea Act and response (1773) 1. Terms and purpose of Tea Act 2. Refusal to accept shipped tea 3. Boston radicals "dump" tea B. British response/Coercive Acts 1. Massachusetts Government Act a. Restructured power of town meetings and upper house b. Implications 2. Boston Port Act a. Port of Boston closed b. Implications 3. Administration of Justice Act 4. Quartering Act a. British troops could be quartered in colonial homes b. Implications 5. Quebec Act (not a Coercive Act, but considered "intolerable" by the colonists) a. French law and Catholic Church established in Quebec b. Quebec Act unrelated to Coercive Acts c. Implications C. Radical explosion 1. Colonists implement nonimportation 2. Massachusetts Government Act nullified by colonists 3. Committee movement spreads throughout Northeast D. First Continental Congress 1. Meets in Philadelphia to discuss British measures a. Twelve colonies represented b. Implications 2. Congress repudiates Parliamentary right to legislate, except to regulate trade a. Congress deals directly with the king b. Creation of the Association i) Enforces trade sanctions against Britain ii) Implications
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the intellectual movement toward independence in 1776. Essay should address several key points: A. War of rebellion becomes a war for revolution 1. King's refusal of Olive Branch Petition 2. Thomas Paine's Common Sense a. Denounces idea of monarchical government b. Criticizes imperial system i) "No island should govern a continent" ii) Implications c. Calls for a republic B. Declaration of Independence 1. Public opinion shifted toward independence a. Many colonists recognized reunification with Britain was untenable b. Implications 2. Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence a. Congress approves Richard Lee's call for "independent states" b. Jefferson drafts and Congress amends the Declaration of Independence i) Twelve states (with one abstention) unanimously approve the Declaration ii) Implications
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1