-176593 CHAPTER 4—PROVINCIAL AMERICA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A CONTINENT Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). The Great Awakening of the 1740s refers to a massive religious revival. the beginning of a colonial revolt with Great Britain. the British attempt to implement imperial controls. the spread of enlightenment ideals. the introduction of the printing press in America. A Least Difficult p. 126 Factual 1 By 1750, the richest men in British North America were South Carolina rice planters. New England merchants. Virginia tobacco planters. New York landlords. the King's tax collectors. A Average p. 116 Factual 1 Only ____ percent of the volunteers in the War of Jenkins's Ear returned home. 2 10 15 25 40 B Average p. 133 Factual 1 The Molasses Act (1733) forbade the importation of molasses into the colonies. placed a prohibitive duty on foreign molasses. forbade the production of molasses in the colonies. decreed that all molasses must go to the mother country. attempted to abolish the manufacture of rum. B Least Difficult p. 120 Factual 1 "Fiat money" issued in eighteenth-century America was backed by gold. silver. hard specie. government bonds. the government's promise to accept it in payment of taxes. E Average p. 121 Factual 1 The region of least economic growth during the eighteenth century was the mid-Atlantic colonies. New England. Chesapeake. the Deep South. New York. B Average p. 121 Analytical 1 Georgia was founded originally as a refuge for Catholics. Quakers. the poor. the "criminally insane." runaway slaves. C Average p. 125 Factual 1 The author of A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God was Solomon Stoddard. John Locke. Benjamin Franklin. Jonathan Edwards. Squanto. D Average p. 127 Factual 1 The most popular revivalist of the Great Awakening was Gilbert Tennent. George Whitefield. James Davenport. Hugh Bryan. John Winthrop. B Least Difficult p. 127 Factual 1 The right to vote among white males in colonial America was unrestricted. limited by property requirements. open to all men over age 25. determined by one's religion. based on nationality. B Average p. 129 Factual 1 The religious message of the Great Awakening can best be described as the rejection of predestination. belief that good works were the key to salvation. idea that a conversion experience was essential to salvation. conviction that the clergy was most responsible for a person's salvation. belief in the essential goodness of man. C Average p. 126 Analytical 1 Benjamin Franklin's profession was as a lawyer. doctor. printer. farmer. baker. C Least Difficult p. 122 Analytical 1 When the British fought the Spanish and French in the era 1740 to 1763, most slaves and eastern land Indians took no sides. sympathized with Spain and France. allied with the English. were taken as hostages by the English. united against all whites. B Average p. 131-134 Analytical 1 Political factions were most likely to develop in the northern colonies. Mid-Atlantic colonies. upper South colonies. lower South colonies. Caribbean colonies. A Average p. 131 Analytical 1 Which of the following is an example of the Anglicanization of the colonies? Wealthy colonials copied London styles of clothing and architecture. Clergymen educated at Oxford and Cambridge were offered parishes in the colonies. Colonial gentlemen who avoided manual labor dominated local politics. The import of British goods grew rapidly. All of the above. E Average p. 114-115 Factual 1 The Anglicanization of the role of colonial women was exemplified by an expansion of women's property rights. laws that allowed a wife to make legal contracts without the consent of her husband. a double standard that punished women but not men for sexual offenses. the dowry tradition which endowed women with land when they married. reduction in the work load of most women. C Average p. 115 Factual 1 Under the task system, slaves were organized into work gangs supervised by white slave drivers. "taken to task" or beaten for the slightest infraction of the rules. allowed to divide up work and choose which they tasks they wanted to do. given specific jobs to do and allowed free time when they were completed. allowed to change overseers if the work load became too heavy. D Most Difficult p. 118 Factual 1 Which of the following was not a major southern cash crop in the early 1700s? cotton tobacco indigo wheat rice A Average p. 118 Factual 1 The Scots-Irish in South Carolina were Catholics who moved from England to Scotland and then to North America. clannish, violent, heavy-drinking Indian-haters who dominated the back country. Quakers who set up Protestant missions to Christianize the Indians. the best educated and most dignified of the Anglican immigrants in the Middle Colonies. the governing elite. B Most Difficult p. 119-120 Analytical 1 The economy of the New England colonies attracted the largest number immigrants of any region. was based on agriculture and trade with the Indians. depended on shipbuilding, whaling, and trade with the French West Indies. depended on slave labor to produce exportable products. exported manufactured goods to England. C Average p. 120-121 Factual 1 During his lifetime, Benjamin Franklin was virtually unknown outside of Boston. most famous for his electrical experiments for which he received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, and other colleges. the first president of Harvard University. sent to prison for writing libelous articles about the governor of New York. not well known until the American Revolution. B Average p. 122-123 Factual 1 The Enlightenment was a religious movement emphasizing strict adherence to biblical teachings. rejected religious fanaticism in favor of rational knowledge. discounted the writings of Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin as "too idealistic." was an organization of scientists who experimented with electricity. had minimal impact on England. B Average p. 123-124 Analytical 1 George Whitefield refused to visit England, claiming it was beyond redemption. was an English Anglican minister whose dramatic sermons attracted crowds of thousands. wrote the influential religious tract, the Book of Common Prayer. led major religious dissenting factions in the Middle Colonies. carried out a major slave rebellion. B Most Difficult p. 127 Factual 1 The religious revivals of the 1740s through 1770s led to a decline in the number of female church members. almost destroyed the Freemasons. united all the major colonial churches into one interdenominational organization. increased the size and strength of the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches. converted most of the Indians in the colonies. D Most Difficult p. 128 Analytical 1 By the 1720s, most colonial governments included an appointed governor, a council, and an elected assembly. had a hereditary governor's office. had lost legislative independence and were virtually powerless. were corrupt, inefficient, and undemocratic. had become democratic in their operation. A Most Difficult p. 129 Factual 1 Colonial governors dealt with the assemblies by using the army to enforce royal prerogatives. appealing to church leaders to mediate disputes. using the courts to control their power. ignoring their complaints. relying on flattery, patronage, and persuasion. C Average p. 129 Factual 1 Colonists usually viewed men who held positions of power as trustworthy, honest civil servants. lazy elites who wouldn't work at respectable jobs. God's chosen representatives. potentially corrupt officials who could undermine the liberty of the people. having no significance to their lives. D Most Difficult p. 130 Analytical 1 In regard to slavery, the government of Spanish Florida participated in and profited from the international slave trade. prohibited Africans, free or slave, from entering the colony. offered freedom and protection to runaway slaves from the English colonies. never established an official policy. executed any slave found in its territory. C Most Difficult p. 133 Factual 1 In the 1759 siege of Quebec, British General ____ was killed along with his French counterpart, General Montcalm. Braddock Wolfe Amherst Abercrombie Winthrop B Average p. 146 Factual 1 The largest slave revolt in the history of the thirteen colonies was the Stono Rebellion. Bacon's Rebellion. Leisler's Rebellion. the War of Jenkins's Ear. Turner's Rebellion. A Least Difficult p. 133 Factual 1 The War of Jenkins's Ear was fought between the British and the Prussians. British and the Spanish. Spanish and the French. British and the Indians. Dutch and the Indians. B Average p. 133 Factual 1 Which of the following did not occur as a result of the French and Indian War? France surrendered New Orleans to Britain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. France gave all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain. Britain returned Martinique to France. France surrendered Canada to Britain. A Most Difficult p. 147 Analytical 1 Apart from Charleston, the largest concentration of slaves in North America was in Richmond. Baltimore. New Orleans. New York City. Atlanta. D Average p. 133-134 Factual 1 The Albany Congress refers to the drafting of New York's colonial government. the extra-legal group opposed to British policy. the attempt to unite the British mainland colonies into a federation. the proclamation drafted against France. an organization to defend Canada against the British. C Average p. 137-139 Factual 1 Colonial politics in the eighteenth century were characterized by the rise of the assembly and the decline of royal governors. growing effectiveness of royal governors and the decline of the assembly. growing effectiveness of both the assembly and the royal governor. concentration of British troops in the port cities. gradual expansion of the right to vote to nearly all white men. C Most Difficult p. 129-130 Factual 1 During the French and Indian War, British and American troops differed in that the British were disciplined professionals; the Americans were undisciplined volunteers. the British followed orders without question; the Americans only obeyed orders they considered reasonable. the British enlisted for long terms of service; the Americans enlisted for one campaign. the British subjected soldiers to harsh discipline; the Americans thought that harsh discipline violated the terms of their enlistment. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 142-143 Analytical 1 In the Peace of Paris (1763) that ended the French and Indian War, Britain lost Florida to France. acquired all of North America east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans. gave Martinique, Guadalupe, and Cuba to Spain. withdrew from Canada. surrendered Georgia to Spain. B Average p. 147 Factual 1 In 1745, an ill-equipped colonial army successfully captured the Canadian fortress city of Quebec. Toronto. Montreal. Louisbourg. Windsor. D Least Difficult p. 146 Factual 1 King George's War ended with the Treaty of Paris. Amsterdam. Aix-la-Chapelle. London. New York. C Average p. 136 Factual 1 The African slave trade in North American reached its peak between 1710 and 1750. 1730 and 1775. 1750 and 1760. 1700 and 1770. 1800 and 1850. B Most Difficult p. 116 Analytical 1 Eliza Lucas Pinckney was a religious leader. responsible for introducing indigo to South Carolina. adopted by Native Americans. killed by Native Americans. the inventor of the cotton gin. B Average p. 118 Factual 1 Zabdiel Boylston was a famous Indian fighter. discovered that Africans were immune to malaria. saved Boston from a smallpox epidemic. gained fame as a preacher during the Great Awakening. put down the Stono slave rebellion. C Most Difficult p. 120 Factual 1 The Shepherd's Tent in New London to train awakened preachers was founded by George Whitefield. James Davenport. Gilbert Tennent. Hugh Bryan. John Winthrop. B Most Difficult p. 129 Factual 1 All of the following colleges were founded before 1740 except Harvard. the College of New Jersey. William and Mary. Yale. College of Rhode Island (today Brown University). B Most Difficult p. 128 Factual 1 By the 1720s, every colony had an appointive governor except Connecticut and Rhode Island. Pennsylvania. Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Massachusetts and Connecticut. South Carolina. A Most Difficult p. 129 Factual 1 George Whitefield was embraced by all of the following except Congregationalists. Baptists. Presbyterians. Anglicans. none of the above D Average p. 128 Factual 1 For most of the Seven Years' War, Spain sided with England. sided with France. alternated between England and France. remained completely neutral and uninvolved. sided with the Indians. D Most Difficult p. 142 Factual 1 All of the following British officers remained in America after the Seven Years' War and became generals in the American army during the Revolution except Hugh Mercer. Horatio Gates. Arthur St. Clair. Richard Montgomery. James Wolfe. E Most Difficult p. 146 Factual 1 Before the Revolution, ____ colonial physicians embraced radical politics. no few many most all C Average p. 125 Factual 1 The most prosperous family farms in colonial America were found in the Chesapeake. the Mid-Atlantic colonies. New England. the lower South. the frontier west of the Adirondack mountains. B Most Difficult p. 119 Analytical 1 The immigrants saw ____ as their favored destination because the region's expanding economies offered many opportunities. the Chesapeake New England the frontier west of the Adirondack mountains the Mid-Atlantic colonies the lower South D Average p. 119 Analytical 1 Until independence, the printing capital of North America was New York. Albany. Philadelphia. Baltimore. Boston. E Least Difficult p. 121 Factual 1 Legally, in colonial America, women were considered equal to men. F Least Difficult p. 115 Factual 1 During the course of the eighteenth century, those who held high political office increasingly came from the lower social status. F Least Difficult p. 115 Analytical 1 The founder of the Georgia colony was John Locke. F Average p. 125 Factual 1 William Pitt, who became Britain's war minister in 1757, believed that coercion was the only way to deal with the colonies. F Average p. 143 Analytical 1 Most of the settlers of Georgia shared the proprietors' dislike of slavery and alcohol. F Average p. 126 Factual 1 Benjamin Franklin founded the first newspaper in British America. F Average p. 122 Factual 1 Africans and African Americans who genetically inherit sickle cell anemia have some immunity to malaria. T Average p. 117 Factual 1 In 1775, Boston was the largest city in the colonies. F Average p. 119 Factual 1 By 1720, only Connecticut and Rhode Island had elected governors. T Most Difficult p. 129 Analytical 1 The French constructed Fort Duquesne at present-day Erie, Pennsylvania. F Average p. 140 Analytical 1 George Washington commanded the Virginia contingent during the defeat of General Braddock's forces in western Pennsylvania. T Most Difficult p. 141 Analytical 1 The "country" constitutions of the southern colonies relied on elaborate royal patronage to achieve political stability. F Most Difficult p. 130 Factual 1 The "court" constitutions of the northern colonies cultivated a politic of harmony to achieve political stability. F Most Difficult p. 131 Analytical 1 In 1754. George Washington ordered the attack that started the French and Indian War. T Least Difficult p. 137 Factual 1 After 1740, the import of British goods increased dramatically. T Average p. 114 Factual 1 A woman's dowry usually included cash and goods. T Average p. 115 Factual 1 Most of the 230,000 voluntary immigrants to British North America between 1730 and 1775 settled in New England. F Average p. 116 Analytical 1 The task system was practiced by Carolina rice planters. T Least Difficult p. 118 Factual 1 Many Chesapeake planters turned to wheat as a second crop. T Average p. 119 Factual 1 The Mid-Atlantic colonies were pluralistic societies from the start. T Least Difficult p. 119 Factual 1 As late as 1750, New Jersey had as many settlers as New York, but fewer slaves. T Average p. 119 Factual 1 After 1720, more than 70 percent of Irish immigrants came from Ulster. T Average p. 119 Factual 1 After 1720, Ireland and Germany replaced England as the main source of free immigrants. T Least Difficult p. 119 Factual 1 The Molasses Act of 1733 virtually ended New England's molasses trade with the French West Indies. F Average p. 120 Factual 1 New Englanders constructed more ships than all of the other colonies combined. T Least Difficult p. 120 Factual 1 In seventeenth-century America, a majority of settlers owned books. F Average p. 121 Factual 1 In his day, Benjamin Franklin's greatest fame came from his work in founding the Library Company of Philadelphia. F Average p. 123 Analytical 1 Land prices in Georgia were the highest in North America. F Most Difficult p. 125 Analytical 1 Baptists and Methodists expected their ministers to attend college. F Average p. 129 Factual 1 Through the French and Indian War, France and England sought to assert their authority over Indian allies and white colonists. T Average p. 137 Factual 1 Virginia and New Jersey were not invited to attend the 1754 Albany Congress. F Most Difficult p. 138 Factual 1 Connecticut and Rhode Island declined to attend the 1754 Albany Congress. F Average p. 139 Factual 1 In the early eighteenth century, British colonists considered themselves the freest people on earth. F Least Difficult p. 113 Factual 1 In the eastern woodlands, most Indians identified with France, not England, as the only ally committed to their survival and independence. T Least Difficult p. 113 Factual 1 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle required Britain to return Louisbourg to France. T Average p. 136 Factual 1 After 1750, Oxford and Cambridge Universities continued to meet the colonies' need for Anglican churchmen. F Average p. 114 Analytical 1 Even the poorest colonial families refused to accept English social norms. F Average p. 115 Analytical 1 By 1750, tobacco and rice planters had many contacts with each other and thought of themselves as "southerners." F Most Difficult p. 116 Analytical 1 Until 1700, many Chesapeake widows inherited all of their husbands' property and administered their own estates. T Average p. 115 Factual 1 After 1700, the European double standard that punished women for their sexual indiscretions while tolerating male offenses became the norm in New England. T Average p. 115 Analytical 1 The possession of a ____________________ gave Africans real protection against malaria. sickle cell Average p. 117 Factual 1 0 The leading industry of New England was ____________________. shipbuilding Average p. 120 Factual 1 0 The person who fully personified the enlightenment in America was ____________________. Benjamin Franklin Least Difficult p. 122 Analytical 1 0 One of the leading families of the Great Awakening, and the founders of the Log College in Neshaminy, Pennsylvania, was the ____________________ family. Tennent Most Difficult p. 127 Factual 1 0 The concept that a wife's legal existence was "covered" by her husband and that he alone could make binding choices was called ____________________. coverture Average p. 115 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the pidgin African language that is the basis of modern black English. Gullah Most Difficult p. 118 Factual 1 0 To celebrate ____________________ Day, violent Boston mobs burned effigies of the Pope, Satan, and the Stuart pretender. Guy Fawkes's Average p. 131 Factual 1 0 The descendants of the Acadians who migrated to Louisiana after they were expelled from Nova Scotia by the British are called ____________________. Cajuns Average p. 141 Factual 1 0 Colonial slaves considered the nation of ____________________ as the best hope for their liberty. Spain Average p. 113 Factual 1 0 In ____________________, about 630,000 settlers and slaves lived in the mainland colonies. 1730 Most Difficult p. 116 Factual 1 0 Almost ____________________ percent of African slaves arriving in the American colonies between 1730 and 1775 arrived on British-owned ships. 80 Average p. 116 Factual 1 0 Chesapeake tobacco planters employed the ____________________ labor system. gang Average p. 118 Factual 1 0 By the 1720s, slaves in ____________________ were beginning to achieve a rate of reproduction that almost equaled that of the settlers. the Chesapeake Average p. 116 Factual 1 0 By mid-eighteenth century, indigo became a second staple crop in ____________________. South Carolina Average p. 118 Factual 1 0 Irish immigrants from Ulster were members of the ____________________ Church. Presbyterian Most Difficult p. 119 Factual 1 0 By 1775, ____________________ was the largest city in British North America. Philadelphia Average p. 119 Factual 1 0 Before the 1680s, the only North American colony with printing presses was ____________________. Massachusetts Average p. 121 Factual 1 0 The first colonial newspaper was established in the city of ____________________. Boston Average p. 121 Factual 1 0 John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon jointly used the pen name ____________________ when writing about religious bigotry and political and financial corruption. Cato Most Difficult p. 122 Factual 1 0 After taking over the ____________________ in 1729, Benjamin Franklin turned it into the best-edited and most widely read newspaper in America. Pennsylvania Gazette Average p. 122 Factual 1 0 The New York Weekly Journal 's ____________________ won a major victory for freedom of the press in 1735. John Peter Zenger Least Difficult p. 121-122 Factual 1 0 In 1752, Georgia became a ____________________. royal colony Average p. 126 Factual 1 0 ____________________ attempted to part the waters of the Savannah River and lead the slaves to freedom in Georgia. Hugh Bryan Most Difficult p. 127 Factual 1 0 Of the mainland colonies, only the governor of ____________________ emerged weaker by 1760 than he had been in 1720. New York Average p. 131 Factual 1 0 ____________________ led the unsuccessful 1758 British assault on Fort Ticonderoga. James Abercrombie Most Difficult p. 143 Factual 1 0 Dower rights provided a widow with about ____________________ of her husband's estate if he preceded her in death. one-third Average p. 115 Factual 1 0 Almost ____________________ percent of the African slaves to arrive in America between 1730 and 1775 went to the southern colonies. 90 Average p. 116 Analytical 1 0 After ____________________, the typical member of Virginia's House of Burgesses was a great planter who owned at least twenty slaves. 1730 Most Difficult p. 116 Factual 1 0 By the mid-eighteenth century, ____________________ had become the leading tobacco port of the Atlantic. Glasgow Average p. 118 Factual 1 0 In the Great Awakening, Anglican minister ____________________ attracted thousands to his lively, theatrical sermons. George Whitefield Least Difficult p. 127 Factual 1 0 ____________________ organized a book burning of works by Increase Mather and other New England dignitaries. James Davenport Most Difficult p. 128 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the last truly powerful governor of New York. Robert Hunter Most Difficult p. 131 Factual 1 0 North America's most formidable fortress was erected by the ____________________ at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. French Least Difficult p. 132 Factual 1 0 ____________________, north of St. Augustine, Florida, was the first community of free blacks in what is now the United States. Mose Most Difficult p. 133 Factual 1 0 The Mohawks' Chief ____________________ declared the Covenant Chain between New York and the Iroquois League broken due to the blatant encroachments of New Yorkers on Mohawk lands. Hendrik Most Difficult p. 136 Factual 1 0 King George's War ended in ____________________. 1748 Average p. 136 Factual 1 0 ____________________ formulated a plan for colonial union that was considered at the Albany Congress in 1754. Benjamin Franklin Average p. 139 Factual 1 0 The Battle of Quebec in 1759 was a ____________________ victory. British Average p. 146 Factual 1 0 Jonathan Edwards: intellectual religious leader of Great Awakening; pastor of Northampton Church. Author of A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737), which explained what a revival was. Also wrote A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (1745), which provided a rational defense of emotion. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 George Whitefield: Anglican minister. Follower of John Wesley, foremost evangelical leader of the Great Awakening. Toured American colonies twice in mid-eighteenth century drawing crowds (and converts) of thousands. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 General James Oglethorpe: founder of Georgia colony. Set up nonprofit organization to fund and administer Georgia. Gave free passage and free land to immigrants. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Wesley: founder of Methodist church. Missionary to Georgia in 1735. Returned to England and dedicated his life to saving souls through conversion. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 John Witherspoon: Scottish evangelist who became president of Princeton College. Changed curriculum to include Scottish enlightenment. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Francisco Menendez: escaped slave who fled to Florida, learned Spanish, was re-enslaved, became a militia captain, won freedom, and was appointed to govern the first free black community, Mose. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Stono Rebellion: large slave revolt that rocked South Carolina in the mid-eighteenth century (1739). Twenty slaves stole weapons from a store, murdered twenty-five whites, tried to escape to Florida. Most caught and killed by South Carolina militia. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Albany Congress: meeting of colonies and Iroquois in 1754 called by governor of New York to discuss problems and keep Indians from allying with France. Governor of Massachusetts invited Rhode Island and Connecticut and encouraged plans for intercolonial union. Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan adopted by the Congress but rejected by the colonies. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Task system: system of slave labor organization employed in South Carolina because of high death rates from malaria. After a slave completed all assigned daily tasks, any time left in the day could be devoted to activities at the slave's discretion. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Redemptioners: form of indentured service attractive to married couples. Allowed them to find and bind themselves to their own masters. Popular among German immigrants after 1720. After completing their service, most redemptioners went to the interior of Pennsylvania or the southern backcountry. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Examine the founding of the Georgia colony. What were the goals of the founders and the successes of the colonists? Georgia was an enlightened utopian colony, the only one of its kind in colonial America. Set aside as a refuge for the "deserving poor," the idea behind the colony was to establish a planned community for the indigent of England (imprisoned there) to begin new lives in America. A second important feature of the colony was the plan to protect the colony's Spanish border by populating the province with armed freemen. Additionally, the sponsor of the project hoped to strengthen the imperial economy by producing products not grown anywhere else in the empire (silk and wine). Two requirements were made of the project, however: slavery and hard alcohol were to be forbidden. Several problems arose in Georgia. First, little attention was given to the desires and needs of the settlers themselves. No elective assembly was established and no real legal recourse on the part of the colonists was allowed. Second, economic conditions for farming, winemaking, and silk production were poor, virtually removing them as a real possibility for settlers. In the 1750s, the trustees simply gave up control of the colony when the population fell even lower than it had been in the 1730s. With this move, Georgia turned primarily toward rice production (like South Carolina) and also began the importation of slaves. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe and analyze family relations in colonial America. Family relations in colonial America were much like what they had been in Europe-patriarchal and undemocratic. At the head of the household, both sexually and legally, was the father and husband. As in Europe, he had virtually complete legal authority over the entire household-voting rights, legal responsibility, and control over land distribution and inheritance. Wives, although superior in social rank to children, were clearly secondary in status and subordinate to their husbands. Indeed, through the process of coverture, a wife's property and legal power was subsumed to that of her husband. Central to a society based on land possession and use was the power over land distribution and division. Two important practices, primogeniture and entail, were practiced among English households, but they never acquired the power to structure social relations that they had in England. Primogeniture was a legal device that required a landowner to bequeath all of his property to his eldest son. Entail prohibited the owner from dividing up the estate during his lifetime. But these practices were not universal. Through the eighteenth century, Dutch farmers continued to practice Dutch inheritance and family values. These practices did not employ entail and primogeniture, and they granted far more power and autonomy to wives and daughters than did traditional English common law. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the values and beliefs of the family and their relationship to the larger community in colonial America. Early America, although not a communitarian society, was far from the individualistic, capitalist world of modern America. In terms of understanding the orientation of the family household to the larger community of which these people were a part, it is important to remember that, in many ways, colonial Americans had more in common with the traditional pre-modern world of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries than with the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. European Americans re-created the villages and communities they had left behind across the Atlantic. Patriarchal families were the norm: Each household was, on a smaller scale, a re-creation of the hierarchical society in which people lived. Some ruled, others were ruled. This was an understood and, to a significant degree, accepted part of the social system, though far less pervasive than in England. Although independent from each other (dependency on others was viewed as a form of subservience or slavery), these families were mutually dependent in a variety of areas: exchange of labor, animals, farm equipment, and the like. This type of cooperation was absolutely essential not only for the individual family to survive, but for the community to survive as well. Farm households were likely to produce an agricultural surplus of some kind (in New York, wheat or rye) that was traded or sold to merchants, who then sent their goods into larger markets. However, the purpose of this production was rarely to make a great profit, but was more to protect the lineal family unit-in case of drought, flood, or some other natural disaster. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast the development of the "old South" and the middle-Atlantic region during the eighteenth century. From its beginning, the middle-Atlantic region had been settled by a variety of ethnic and religious groups. Dutch, English, Germans, and African Americans all had lived throughout the colonies of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. This variety led to an ethnic pluralism that was not nearly as pronounced in any other part of North America. Over the course of the eighteenth century, this region became a staple crop-producing area (particularly in wheat, grain, and other foodstuffs), dominated primarily by small freehold farms. Except for the manorial system in New York and certain tenanted holdings in Jersey and Pennsylvania, independent farming tended to be the norm. The "old South" developed along distinctly different lines during the eighteenth century. Never as heterogeneous as the middle colonies, the Europeans who settled in this region tended to share much in their ethnic and religious backgrounds. Indeed, where differences among Europeans were pronounced in the North, the southern colonies distinguished between classes based almost solely on race. The South also witnessed far fewer independent land holdings, with large plantations (primarily tobacco and rice) dominating. The most prominent difference was, however, the importance of slavery. Never vital to the middle colonies, slavery was, from the beginning, central to the South. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Describe the outbreak of the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was the only war between France and England that began in America. Indeed, it was George Washington's attempt to build a fort along the Ohio River in 1753-54 (in order to intimidate the French there), that ultimately led to the outbreak of hostilities. Neither New France nor Virginia anticipated the global struggle that would follow. In addition, the home governments of France and England also had little desire to engage in a world war, and their hope was to limit the confrontation to the North American frontier. New Englanders, however, saw the contest as a struggle between the French and the English, Catholics and Protestants, the unfree and the free. For this group, a millenarian vision prevailed. The British government sent General Edward Braddock with two regiments to Virginia in an attempt to gain control of the upper Ohio Valley. Braddock did not receive much aid from the middle colonies (several of which had just unsuccessfully attempted to hammer out agreements at the Albany Congress), except for Virginia itself. Braddock's plans were ambitious-not only did he want to take control of the Ohio River, but he implemented a four-pronged attack on New France as well. Braddock's defeat in Pennsylvania and other setbacks for the British provincial forces were to turn this North American struggle into a world war. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the political culture of eighteenth-century America. During the founding of the colonies, North American politics tended to move further away from the British model. Indeed, many of the early colonies were conscious attempts to move away from the British political system. The eighteenth century, however, witnessed a different movement, as American political culture tended to replicate Britain's. There was one significant difference, however, which was the high rate of political participation in most North American colonies. The assemblies in each colony were elected, and the franchise was fairly high among white males. The most striking characteristic of American political culture was the competition between the governor (appointed in most colonies by the king of England) and the assembly (which was popularly elected in each colony). Indeed, this competition was the pronounced political struggle in early America, as the governor attempted to implement the policies and practices of the empire, policies that often were opposed to the desires and needs of the residents of the colonies. The other characteristic feature of North American politics was the emphasis on "opposition" political ideology, the attempt on the part of political minorities to battle the governor or majority faction in the assembly. Indeed, this emphasis on opposition ideology was even greater in the colonies than in Britain, because of the larger proportion of voters in the colonies as well as because of the divergent interests of the empire and its colonies. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Explore the significance of the imperial wars of 1689-1716 for colonial Americans. As colonies of the British empire, the North American colonies participated in the larger imperial struggles with France and Spain. Although sometimes this participation occurred under duress (there was often little support for these wars in the southernmost middle colonies and in the upper South), often the colonies participated willingly, since their foe was not necessarily imperial France, but French Canada and its Indian allies. For New England, these struggles often took the shape of a "holy war" against the "papists," besides having the obvious advantages of pushing into new territory to the north and west. King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) offered both attractions described above (a religious war and territorial aggrandizement). Unfortunately for the North American colonists, neither was achieved. In King William's War, a massive New England naval and overland invasion of Quebec failed amidst poor planning and intercolonial bickering, opening up the western frontier for French and Indian incursions that devastated coastal Maine and destroyed the Mohawk town of Schenectady. Queen Anne's War saw much of the same, when a mixed French-Indian invasion destroyed Deerfield, Massachusetts, and carried several hundred villagers into captivity. A major invasion of Quebec once again fell apart in the treacherous St. Lawrence. The result of both of these wars was to contain New England expansion, as well as hem in the Deep South. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the Great Awakening. What were its results? Essay should address several key points: A. Origins of revivals 1. Circumstances of particular communities 2. George Whitefield a. American tour b. Idea of rebirth 3. Gilbert Tennent and James Davenport a. Insistence on personal conversion b. Critical of recognized clergy B. Immediate consequences of revivals 1. Shattered unity of the Congregational Church in New England 2. Strengthened denominational loyalties in mid-Atlantic 3. Breakdown of localism 4. Jonathan Edwards's rational defense of emotional religion C. Long-term consequences of revivals 1. Three new major denominations a. Methodists b. Baptists c. Presbyterians 2. Founding of new denominational colleges 3. Impact on American Revolution
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast economic development in eighteenth-century America among the three major regions: New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South. Essay should address several key points: A. New England 1. Major industries a. Fishing b. Shipbuilding 2. Mercantile activity a. Traders for other colonies b. Peculiar role in imperial economy c. Commercial economy/paper money 3. Weakest productive economy in North America a. Region with the least economic growth b. Consequences B. Mid-Atlantic 1. Major industries a. Agricultural production b. Grain 2. Mercantile activity a. Central role in imperial economy b. Importance 3. Land organization a. Small freehold farms b. Large manors (New York) 4. Steady economic and population growth C. South 1. Major products a. Chesapeake i) Tobacco ii) Grain b. Deep South i) Rice ii) Indigo iii) Large plantation as primary unit of production 2. Primary role in imperial economy 3. Sustained economic growth
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Describe the Enlightenment and its impact and reception in North America. Essay should address several key points: A. Origins in England 1. Political ideas of Trenchard and Gordon 2. Enlightened religious ideas of John Tillotson a. Impact of Tillotson in North America b. Role of newspapers in disseminating enlightened ideas B. Enlightenment in America 1. Religious influences a. Conversion of Yale faculty to Anglicanism b. Consequences 2. Founding of legal profession a. Professionalization of law b. Consequences 3. Enlightened influences on medicine 4. Benjamin Franklin a. One-man enlightenment i) Library Company of Philadelphia ii) Union Fire Company iii) Philadelphia Hospital iv) Philadelphia Academy (later, University of Pennsylvania) b. Scientific experimentation
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the course and consequence of the French and Indian War. Essay should address several key points: A. Competition between New France and North America 1. Virginia and Ohio River a. Washington and Fort Duquesne b. Consequences 2. New England and anti-Catholicism 3. Middle colonies and Indian tensions B. Years of British defeat 1. Braddock and disaster on the Monongahela 2. William Johnson and New York 3. Disunity between British and colonists C. Years of British victory/conquest of New France 1. Wolfe, Montcalm, and Quebec a. Deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham b. Consequences 2. Fall of Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal 3. Treaty of Paris (1763)
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the course of King George's War (1739-1748). Essay should address several key points: A. War of Jenkins's Ear (1739-1744) 1. Origins with English sea captain a. Failed invasion of Cartagena b. Ninety percent of colonial volunteers killed or missing 2. Spanish invasion of Georgia a. Plans to plunder and liberate slaves b. Oglethorpe fools Spanish into withdrawing B. King George's War (1744-1748) 1. France joins Spain in war against Britain a. French lay siege to Port Royal b. Consequences 2. Successful colonial assault on Louisbourg fortress a. Untrained Massachusetts militia defeat French regulars b. Failed assaults on Quebec 3. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle a. Louisbourg returned to France b. New Englanders upset by this apparent slight
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1