-176592 CHAPTER 3—ENGLAND DISCOVERS ITS COLONIES: EMPIRE, LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenberg & Rosenberg Copyright © 2008 Wadsworth Group Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 5e 0704lep5e.bmp
Times Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sir William Berkeley was the Virginia governor at the time of Metacom's War. was noted for putting down Bacon's Rebellion and hanging twenty-three rebels. died in disgrace in England before he could defend his policies. favored a defensive strategy against the Indians. all of the above. E Most Difficult p. 91-93 Factual 1 By 1700, the population of England's mainland colonies was doubling every ____ years. 2 5 15 25 40 D Most Difficult p. 107 Factual 1 The policy of mercantilism entails all of the following except that colonies should exist for the benefit of the mother country. act as a source of raw materials for the mother country. act as markets for the mother country. develop manufacturing to export products to the mother country. trade to increase overall wealth. D Most Difficult p. 85 Analytical 1 Which of the following was not stated in the Navigation Act passed in 1651? Non-European goods could be imported into the colonies only in English-owned ships. English coastal trade was forbidden to foreigners. The crews of ships trading with the colonies had to be at least half English. Goods from Asia and the East could be imported to America only after passing through England. Foreigners could not trade between one English port and another. D Most Difficult p. 86 Factual 1 For the most part, England's North American colonies responded to the Navigation Acts. with little interest. very unfavorably. by ignoring them. very enthusiastically. with open rebellion. B Average p. 86 Analytical 1 The Staple Act of 1663 regulated goods going to America. coming from America. involved in the coastal trade. between England and India. all of the above. A Most Difficult p. 87 Factual 1 The autocratic governor of New York and the Dominion of New England was Sir Edmund Andros. Jacob Leisler. Increase Mather. Sir Robert Walpole. William Berkeley A Average p. 96 Factual 1 Colonists in New York were angry with James, Duke of York, because he abolished the elected assembly. granted religious freedom to all. restricted trade opportunities. gave liberal land grants. prohibited the sale of alcohol. A Most Difficult p. 96 Analytical 1 The large-scale warfare between European settlers and the Indians of New England that began in 1675 was called King James's War. Metacom's War. Bacon's Rebellion. Leisler's Rebellion. Stono's Rebellion. B Least Difficult p. 89 Factual 1 The leader of the 1676 Virginia rebellion was Thomas Berkeley. Nathaniel Bacon. Jacob Leisler. Edward Randolph. William Berkeley. B Least Difficult p. 92-93 Factual 1 The Catholic successor to Charles II of England who was overthrown in the Revolution of 1689 was William of Orange. Mary of Scotland. James II. Charles I. Philip II. C Least Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 The Glorious Revolution in England led to the elevation of ____ as king of England. William III James II Edward VI Charles I Henry VIII. A Average p. 97 Factual 1 Colonists in North America reacted to the Glorious Revolution with indifference. by overthrowing the governors of the Dominion of New England and Maryland. with public protests against the new king. by attacking Dutch settlements in Delaware. by launching Indian wars. B Average p. 97-98 Factual 1 The leader of the large-scale rebellion in New York in 1689 was Thomas Berkeley. Jacob Leisler. Edward Randolph. Francis Nicholson. William Bradford. B Least Difficult p. 98 Factual 1 The extended life expectancy and healthiness of the New England population produced a feeling of public optimism and cheerfulness. led to an increase in procrastination and laziness among the working class. created a large number of elderly dependents and caused economic stagnation. enhanced the power of women in society. limited opportunities for young men who wanted to hold political office. E Most Difficult p. 81 Analytical 1 In North America, educational opportunities were very limited in areas where slavery was predominant. existed only in the French colony of Quebec. were denied to women and working-class men in all the Puritan colonies. were nonexistent. were more widespread in the South than elsewhere. A Most Difficult p. 82 Factual 1 The English colonies in North America were united by all but which of the following? a uniform language based on the London English dialect traditional English inheritance laws an uncomplicated legal system with few professional lawyers military concepts based on volunteer militia and the use of terror tactics widespread ownership of land B Most Difficult p. 83 Analytical 1 According to the theory of mercantilism, the wealth of a nation depended upon the size of its population. development of rigorous trade and control of colonial commerce were essential for national power. colonies were an economic drain on national resources and thus should be given independence. only merchants should be eligible for election to the House of Commons. merchants were God's elect. B Most Difficult p. 85 Factual 1 Seventeenth-century philosophers believed that the government must prevent commercial competition and trade wars. all human beings were basically uncivilized barbarians. positive legislation could change human behavior and assure the progress of society. God was going to destroy the earth at the beginning of the next millennium. Native Americans were superior to Europeans. C Most Difficult p. 85 Analytical 1 The Navigation Acts required that all goods imported into the colonies be carried by English-owned ships. only Dutch ships be allowed to carry goods directly from one colony to another. the colonies export only manufactured goods and import only agricultural goods. Native Americans sell their goods only to English merchants. all of the above. A Average p. 86 Factual 1 The "Five Nations" of the colonial period were England, Spain, France, Holland, and Sweden. a European mutual defense league dedicated to reducing the power of Spain. the first South American countries to win independence from European colonial powers. the lost tribes of Israel. an Iroquois confederation. E Average p. 87 Factual 1 Which of the following is not true of Metacom's (King Philip's) War? It was started by non-Christian Indians who feared that their culture was being destroyed by contact with whites. The Puritan army either massacred or sold into slavery hundreds of Christian and non-Christian Indians. The Indians proved to be better shots than the whites and virtually destroyed a dozen settlements. It involved only the Wampanoags. The war divided the New England colonies internally. D Most Difficult p. 89-91 Factual 1 Nathaniel Bacon was the governor of Virginia who successfully opened up the tidewater area for settlement. the only congregational minister to openly protest against the slave trade. a rebellious Virginia planter who murdered peaceful Indians and burned Jamestown. a protégé of William Berkeley. a minister of the Great Awakening. C Average p. 93-95 Factual 1 Which of the following accurately distinguishes between the original Whigs and Tories? The Whigs wore hairpieces; the Tories did not wear hairpieces. The Whigs were Irish politicians; the Tories were English politicians. The Whigs were a country party that favored limiting the king's power; the Tories were a court party that favored legitimate royal succession. The Whigs were Catholics; the Tories were Anglicans. The Whigs sought peaceful relations with the Indians; the Tories advocated war against the Indians. C Most Difficult p. 95 Factual 1 Colonists objected to the Dominion of New England because it established an autocratic government without an elected assembly. the royal governor was not given enough authority to enforce the Navigation Acts effectively. it forced both Puritans and non-Puritans to pay taxes to support the Congregational Church. it forced Native Americans on to reservations. all of the above A Average p. 96 Factual 1 When William III and Mary II became the monarchs of England, Parliament executed Charles I and his entire family. offered toleration of Protestants and guaranteed Protestant royal succession. expelled the Quakers, Jews, and other dissidents from England. revoked the charters of all the proprietary colonies in North America. abolished the monarchy. B Average p. 97 Factual 1 As a result of the witchcraft trials in Salem, the Puritans lost control of the government of Massachusetts. a majority of colonial citizens became convinced that witchcraft was being practiced in every colony. the Great Awakening began. twenty people were executed either by hanging or by crushing. the governor's wife was executed for witchcraft. D Average p. 99-100 Factual 1 The Salem Witchcraft Trials ended when several accusers admitted that they were lying. the town of Salem was abandoned. the governor's wife was accused of witchcraft. the court rejected the use of "spectral" evidence. the king sent troops to arrest the judges responsible for the trials. C Average p. 100 Factual 1 By the mid-1700s, most of the English colonies in North America were proprietary colonies with tax-supported established churches. royal colonies with appointed governors and elected assemblies. united in their support of the Board of Trade's reorganization of colonial governments. heavily dependent upon slave labor for agricultural production. paying high taxes to the British treasury. B Most Difficult p. 100 Factual 1 The Pueblo Revolt in Spanish New Mexico permanently freed the Navajos and Apaches from Spanish authority. virtually destroyed the Hopi tribe. was more successful than any other Indian rebellion in American history. was staged by Mexican peasants who wanted a more democratic government. threatened the British settlements. C Average p. 104 Factual 1 The French in the Great Lakes and Ohio River areas launched a war of extermination against all Indians. supplied the Algonquian with weapons and alcohol to limit the expansion of the Iroquois and the British. were forced to withdraw by the depletion of fur-bearing animals and the decline of trade. exchanged their claims to the territory for access to English fishing sites on the Atlantic coast. sold their claims to the Spanish. B Most Difficult p. 105 Factual 1 Titus Oakes earned fame by leading attacks against Indians in Maryland. fabricating a supposed "Popish Plot" against King Charles III. founding trading settlements in western Virginia. serving as Nathaniel Bacon's top assistant. planting oak trees across America. B Most Difficult p. 95 Factual 1 Colonists viewed military service as a temporary, voluntary experience. a lifelong commitment and career choice. the public duty of each young man when he reached the age of 18. the responsibility of men who actually lived in England rather than in the colonies. the highest honor that the empire could offer them. A Average p. 107 Factual 1 By 1675, about ____ of those Indians living in southeastern New England were in various stages of conversion to Christianity. a handful one-quarter half three-quarters all B Average p. 89 Factual 1 The lowest minister-to-resident ratio among the English colonies was found in the sugar islands. the Chesapeake. New York. New England. Georgia. D Least Difficult p. 83 Factual 1 Only ____ avoided war with the Indians during the 1640s. the Chesapeake. New England. New Netherland. New France. New Spain. B Average p. 84 Factual 1 The Great Swamp Fight was a conflict between Puritans and Iroquois. Wampanoags. Narragansetts. Hurons. Apache. C Average p. 90 Factual 1 Which of the following events occurred first? creation of the Board of Trade creation of the Bank of England passage of the Act of Union the Salem Witch Trials Queen Anne's War D Most Difficult p. 98-100 Factual 1 All of the following were critics of Britain's central government except John Trenchard. Robert Walpole. Henry St. John. Alexander Pope. Thomas Gordon. B Most Difficult p. 103 Factual 1 All of the following explored the Mississippi River except Pierre le Moyne d'Iberville. Father Jacques Marquette. Louis Joliet. René-Robert Cavelier. Father Hennepin. A Most Difficult p. 105-106 Analytical 1 African slaves comprised ____ percent of Virginia's population by the 1730s. 10 20 30 40 50 D Most Difficult p. 81 Factual 1 The only important local institution in the sugar islands and in South Carolina was the parish. town hall. county. burgess. assembly. A Average p. 83 Factual 1 Women stood the best chance of inheriting property in New England. the sugar islands. the Middle Atlantic colonies. the Chesapeake. New York D Average p. 83 Factual 1 In the British colonies life expectancy was longest in the Caribbean the Chesapeake region South Carolina Canada New England E Average p. 80-81 Factual 1 Thomas Mayhew, Sr., Thomas Mayhew, Jr. and John Elliot led vicious raids against the Indians in New England. attempted to convert Indians to Protestantism. encouraged intermarriage between Indians and Englishmen. recognized and respected the power of Indian religious leaders. became governors of Massachusetts. B Average p. 88 Factual 1 When Nathaniel Bacon was elected to the Virginia assembly, William Berkeley had him arrested. welcomed him as a hero. had him killed. refused to allow him to take his seat. dissolved the local political system. A Most Difficult p. 93 Factual 1 The 1691 charter for the colony of Massachusetts established religious requirements for voting. granted toleration to all Protestants. granted religious toleration to Catholics. recognized Indian land rights. denied the authority of the King. B Average p. 99 Factual 1 In the Salem witch trials most of the accused had been irregular churchgoers. no one who confessed guilt was hanged. the convicted witches were burned at stake. a series of unsolved local crimes prompted the first accusations. everyone who was accused was convicted. B Most Difficult p. 99 Factual 1 After the Glorious Revolution, colonists assumed that their governments would be dictatorships. direct democracies. representative governments. proprietary governments. abolished. C Average p. 100 Analytical 1 England's "mixed and balanced" constitution meant that government by King, Lords, and Commons balanced power. Parliament governed America. liberty for all Englishmen was assured. an absolute monarchy ruled the empire. power was concentrated in the aristocracy. A Most Difficult p. 101 Analytical 1 Mercantilists assumed that the colonies only existed to enrich the mother country. T Least Difficult p. 85 Analytical 1 Most of the New England colonies had proprietary governments. F Average p. 100 Factual 1 The governmental body charged with overseeing the Navigation Acts in the colonies was the Lords of Trade. T Most Difficult p. 95 Factual 1 The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed Catholics to worship publicly. F Average p. 97 Factual 1 The Glorious Revolution led to the ascension of Oliver Cromwell as leader of England. F Average p. 97 Factual 1 The Navigation Acts were attempts to give England sole control over the trade of its North American colonies. T Most Difficult p. 86-87 Analytical 1 Seventeenth-century statesmen believed that the government should encourage its peoples' greed and pursuit of self-interest. T Most Difficult p. 85 Analytical 1 Sir Edmund Andros was a Protestant missionary who set up a model mission community in Massachusetts. F Least Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 All of the proprietary colonies eventually became royal colonies. F Average p. 100 Analytical 1 The French explorer Sieur de la Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and named the area Louisiana. T Least Difficult p. 106 Factual 1 King William's War occurred before Queen Anne's War. T Least Difficult p. 108 Analytical 1 In 1603, England was a weak power on the fringes of Europe. T Average p. 79 Analytical 1 Young men dominated New England colonial society. F Average p. 81 Analytical 1 Uncertainty in the sugar and tobacco colonies led to widespread despondency among the population. F Average p. 81 Analytical 1 The French were much more skilled--and successful--in dealing with Native Americans than the British. T Most Difficult p. 105 Analytical 1 The farther south one went in the English colonies in North America, the more diverse the population. T Average p. 81 Analytical 1 High literacy prevailed wherever slavery predominated. F Average p. 81 Analytical 1 Public support for the clergy was much stronger in the North than in the South. T Least Difficult p. 83 Factual 1 The English people during the 1640s were very interested in what happened in the colonies. F Least Difficult p. 85 Analytical 1 The Navigation Act of 1660 dealt primarily with products going into the colonies. F Most Difficult p. 86 Analytical 1 The Navigation Acts were tremendously successful and accomplished just what they were designed to do. T Average p. 87 Analytical 1 Spain and France were more concerned with religious missionary activity in their colonies than was England. T Least Difficult p. 104 Factual 1 John Eliot was the most successful of the early Protestant missionaries to the Native Americans. F Most Difficult p. 89 Factual 1 After the Lords of Trade began enforcing the Navigation Acts in 1675, the West Indies became the first object of most of the new policies. T Average p. 95 Analytical 1 The Lords of Trade had numerous instruments for punishing violators of the Navigation Acts. F Average p. 96 Analytical 1 Merchants were consistent in their support for the government of the Dominion of New England. F Average p. 96 Analytical 1 The Glorious revolution had no effect on Europe. F Average p. 97 Analytical 1 The Glorious Revolution reaffirmed absolutism in English America. F Average p. 99 Analytical 1 The Board of Trade, which replaced the Lords of Trade in 1696, had extensive powers to enforce the Navigation Acts. F Average p. 96 Analytical 1 The Hat Act prohibited the manufacture of hats in the colonies. F Least Difficult p. 100 Factual 1 The Dominion of New England had no elective assembly. T Least Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 The greatest challenge to the Spanish position in North America came in New Mexico. T Average p. 104 Factual 1 The French used European rules when conducting diplomacy with the Indians. F Average p. 105 Analytical 1 Spain established Pensacola in 1698 to protect their position on the Gulf of Mexico. T Least Difficult p. 106 Analytical 1 The growing population of its North American empire was Great Britain's greatest advantage. T Least Difficult p. 107 Analytical 1 Most English colonies replicated the complexity of England itself. F Least Difficult p. 80 Analytical 1 After 1680, natural increase replaced immigration as the main source of population growth in Virginia. T Average p. 80 Analytical 1 Life expectancy was quite uniform throughout the colonies. F Least Difficult p. 80 Analytical 1 Charles II and James II were brothers. T Least Difficult p. 95 Factual 1 English settlers were probably always a minority in the Middle Atlantic region. T Least Difficult p. 81 Analytical 1 In the 1680s, the colonies of New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut were joined together in one colony, known as the ____________________. Dominion of New England Most Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 0 The English Navigation Acts were implemented to hurt the power of the ____________________ in North America. Dutch Average p. 87 Factual 1 0 The Dutch merchant who rose to power during the "Glorious Revolution" in New York was ____________________. Jacob Leisler Average p. 98 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ Act (1663) regulated goods going to North America from around the world. Staple Average p. 87 Factual 1 0 The ____________________ was a hoax by Titus Oates who claimed that Catholics were planning to murder King Charles II. Popish Plot Average p. 95 Factual 1 0 ____________________ was the first English colony to require each community to create a public school. Massachusetts Average p. 82 Factual 1 0 In 1720, South Carolina had fewer than ____________________ settlers. 6,000 Most Difficult p. 109-110 Factual 1 0 Prior to the beginning of the American Revolution, the largest revolt in the English colonies was ____________________. Bacon's Rebellion Average p. 94 Factual 1 0 By 1700, England possessed ____________________ colonies in North America and the Caribbean. twenty 20 Average p. 79 Factual 1 0 African slaves became a majority in the colony of ____________________ around 1710. South Carolina Average p. 81 Factual 1 0 By 1700, the predominant crop of the Middle Atlantic colonies was ____________________. wheat Most Difficult p. 81 Factual 1 0 By 1650, most sugar and tobacco exports were going to ____________________, not London. Amsterdam Most Difficult p. 84 Factual 1 0 England discovered the importance of its colonies around ____________________. 1650 Average p. 84 Analytical 1 0 The only New England staple desired in Europe was ____________________. fish Least Difficult p. 86 Factual 1 0 In 1670, ____________________ was the largest city north of Mexico. Boston Average p. 87 Factual 1 0 Massasoit's son ____________________ was also known as King Philip. Metacom Average p. 89 Factual 1 0 Bacon's Rebellion exposed weaknesses in the leadership of Virginia governor ____________________. William Berkeley Average p. 93 Factual 1 0 ____________________, an aggressive British customs officer sent to Massachusetts in 1676, recommended that the colony's charter be revoked. Edward Randolph Most Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 0 As late as 1678, ____________________ remained the only royal colony on the mainland. Virginia Average p. 96 Factual 1 0 Sir ____________________ headed the government of the Dominion of New England. Edmund Andros Most Difficult p. 96 Factual 1 0 The most successful Indian revolt in American history was led by ____________________, a San Pueblo medicine man, in 1680. Popé Most Difficult p. 104 Factual 1 0 Miantonomo was sachem of the ____________________. Narragansetts Average p. 84 Factual 1 0 Parliament's 1650 decision to ban foreign ships from English colonies was designed to stifle ____________________ competition. Dutch Average p. 86 Factual 1 0 The Navigation Act of 1651 decreed that all ship masters and ____________________ of each ship's crew entering American waters had to be Englishmen. half Average p. 86 Factual 1 0 By 1700, ____________________ had become the largest city in western Europe. London Average p. 87 Factual 1 0 ____________________ translated the Bible and other religious works into the Wampanoag language. John Eliot Average p. 89 Factual 1 0 The ascension of William of Orange brought England closer to ____________________. the Netherlands Average p. 97 Analytical 1 0 ____________________ was the last colony to accept William and Mary as England's rulers. Maryland Average p. 98 Factual 1 0 The Pueblo Uprising of 1680 killed ____________________ of the 2,300 Spaniards in New Mexico. 400 Most Difficult p. 104 Factual 1 0 After capturing Acadia in 1710, the British renamed it ____________________. Nova Scotia Average p. 108 Factual 1 0 Salem Witch Trials: gripped the town of Salem, Massachusetts in the spring and summer of 1692. Began when a group of young women accused many neighbors of witchcraft. (Significantly, many of the accused had been critical of the town's religious establishment.) About 150 were eventually accused. Nineteen people were hanged, one was pressed to death, and several others died in jail. Fifty others confessed. The trials were only halted when the wife of the governor was accused. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Metacom's War: large-scale military action fought in New England in the 1670s between European settlers and Native Americans. Often called King Philip's War. Initiated by sachem of the Wampanoags. Eventually involved the Narragansetts and the Mohawks. Ended with major Indian defeat, as hundreds of Indians were killed and hundreds more were sold into slavery in the West Indies. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Toleration Act: act of Parliament following Glorious Revolution. Granted toleration to Protestants. Significantly did not include Catholics. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Sir William Berkeley: governor of Virginia. Favored defensive strategy against Indians. Tried to distinguish between neutral and friendly Indians and hostile ones. Put down Bacon's Rebellion. Died in disgrace in England. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Mercantilism: economic theory that a nation's power and wealth depended on maintaining a favorable balance of trade and controlling colonial commerce. Colonies were to provide the mother country with raw materials and serve as markets for the mother country's finished goods. The Navigation Acts were passed to implement this theory. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Glorious Revolution: peaceful revolution in 1688-89 in which the Catholic King James II was overthrown and replaced by the Protestant King William III and Queen Mary II. Resulted in the destruction of the Dominion of New England in the colonies. Parliament passed legislation that officially established the policy that the English monarch must be Protestant. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Mourning wars: engaged in by Native American tribes, most often the Iroquois. Often initiated by female relatives of a deceased loved one who insisted that their male kin repair the loss. Her warrior relatives would then launch a raid and bring back captives. Male prisoners would usually be killed, but women and children would be adopted and assimilated. Adoptees became full Iroquois, and as early as the 1660s, a majority of the Indians of the Five Nations were adoptees, not native-born Iroquois. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Dominion of New England: created in 1686 by James II. Joined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and both Jerseys. Governor Edmund Andros governed through an appointive council and a superior court that rode circuit. There was no elective assembly. Religious toleration was forced upon the Puritans. Dismantled after the Glorious Revolution. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 "Mixed and balanced" constitution: English philosophy of government that emerged from the Glorious Revolution. Liberty was maintained because power was balanced among the monarchy, aristocracy and commonality. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Pope: Pueblo medicine man who organized the most successful Indian uprising against the Spanish. TYPE: Identifications 1 -1 Examine Bacon's Rebellion. What were its causes, course, and results? Bacon's Rebellion grew out of a number of circumstances, the primary ones being a growing class of indentured servants and a decreasing amount of available land for use by those servants when their term of indenture was complete. Nathaniel Bacon was a recently wealthy emigrant to the Virginia backcountry who rallied the landless, former servants of the area around the idea of gaining access to Indian lands by enslaving them or expelling them. The governor, Sir William Berkeley, was opposed to this idea for several reasons, one being to limit warfare on the frontier. Bacon ignored the governor's order not to attack, did so in 1676, and was labeled a traitor. Although not very successful in moving the Indians, Bacon was far more successful in raising the largest rebellion in colonial American history. After several months of fighting between Bacon and Berkeley, Jamestown, the capital, was put under siege and then burned. The rebellion, which had become a class struggle, came to an abrupt halt with the death of Bacon from dysentery. Berkeley hanged several Bacon supporters, but the Virginia elite began to limit the number of indentured servants allowed into Virginia to prevent this type of occurrence in the future. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 What was Metacom's War? Describe and detail the causes and results. The causes of Metacom's War, named after the Wampanoag sachem Metacom, were an outgrowth of the continual stresses and pressures that existed between European settlers and the native tribes. Although the immediate reason for the outbreak of hostilities included attempts to Christianize the Indian population, the larger reasons were increased European-settler demand for Indian land. The war itself began on the frontier when settlers killed a Wampanoag they found looting a house they had abandoned. The white settlers had a difficult time defeating the Wampanoags, who were armed with guns and were excellent marksmen. The war spread to the Narragansetts and resulted in the deaths of approximately 800 settlers and the near destruction of 24 communities. Both whites and Indians committed atrocities. In the end, the New Englanders won the war, slaughtered hundreds of Indians, and sent others to the Caribbean as slaves. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the causes and course of the Glorious Revolution. The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) grew out of the Protestant Parliament's mounting fear that King James II of England was certain to raise his son and future king of England as a Catholic. James had proclaimed toleration for Protestants and Catholics and began naming Catholics to high office. Both Whigs and Tories joined together to remove the king, but not by the violent means by which his father (Charles I) had been removed. These leaders invited William of Orange, husband of James's Protestant daughter, Mary, to be the new leader of England. William landed in England in late 1688 and, within a few weeks, gained the support of the English army. James fled to France, where he received the protection of the monarch there. Parliament declared that James had abdicated the throne and named William and Mary in his place. In addition, it passed a Toleration Act that gave Protestants the right to worship publicly. Also, it passed a Bill of Rights that guaranteed Protestant succession to the throne. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the theory of mercantilism. How did this policy shape the British imperial system (of which the colonies were a part)? The theory and policy of mercantilism began to be developed during the seventeenth century. Mercantilism, in essence, asserts that colonies can serve the economic and social interests of the mother country if the mother country maintains complete control over their trade. In addition, mercantilism argued that a strengthened imperial system, closely regulated through acts of trade and commerce, would best supply the economic needs of the mother country. Fueling this belief, of course, was the idea that this type of protective system was essential for the security of nations in perpetual warfare with each other. The basic precepts of mercantilism were simple. Colonies were to send raw materials (tobacco, cotton, sugar) to the mother country for processing there. Also, colonies were to act as markets for the manufactured products of the mother country. In traditional mercantilist theory, colonies were not supposed to compete with the mother country, because their role actually was to promote the economic health and wealth of the empire as a whole. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the impact of European colonization on the Indian societies of North America. How did the Native Americans react to the dangers inherent in contact with the whites? The spread of European diseases such as smallpox decimated the tribes along the Atlantic Seaboard and precipitated intertribal warfare. "Mourning Wars" in which bereaved families replaced lost members through battle and with kidnapping and adoption of tribal enemies became more common. Captured females and children were assimilated into the captor's tribe, while male prisoners were killed. Among the Five Nations, adoption accounted for more than half of the tribal members during the 1660s. Besides diseases, American Indians also acquired guns, cloth, axes, knives, pots, and alcohol from the Europeans. These items transformed Indian society and resulted in tribal dependence on European trade. Traditional skills and social patterns were eroded as Indians competed for and relied on European goods. Alcohol was especially destructive and spread violence and disharmony throughout the Indian communities. In areas where whites and Indians were interdependent, alliances were formed. The fur traders in New France, the Dutch in New Netherlands, and the English in New York and Virginia made peace and mutual defense agreements with local tribes. Some Protestants in New England established "praying towns" where they converted Indians to Christianity. These efforts undermined the traditional power and gender structure of Indian society and caused some young warrior-hunters to fear that their lifestyle was being destroyed. In times of war, whites usually attacked indiscriminately and killed friendly Christian Indians as well as unfriendly non-Christian ones. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Discuss the evolution of the English concept of constitutional government during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 ended a period of upheaval and instability in English politics. The absolutist dreams of the Stuart kings were replaced by a "mixed and balanced" constitutional process where Parliament, the monarchy, and the nobility each retained and exercised influence and power. Ministers were public officials whose actions were subject to examination and whose positions were based upon support from below and above. The government that emerged under the constitutional limitations was actually more centralized and powerful than the pre-Revolutionary system. Englishmen celebrated their creation of a monarchial structure in which republican liberties were protected and corrupt aristocratic self-interest was contained. In theory, each segment of the government acted in the best interest of the public. The political debates of the period centered on establishing the extent to which power would be controlled within the system. The dangers of corruption inherent in the appointment and taxing powers of the crown caused concern. "Court" advocates encouraged greater consolidation of England's war-making capacity through military expansion, revenue enhancement, and patronage. "Country" advocates, on the other hand, favored frequent elections and dual office holding and opposed standing armies and financial innovations. Both the Whig and Tory parties contained court and country factions. The disputes between these groups eventually spread to the colonies in North America where the northern colonies embraced the court position and the southern colonies admired the country position. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Examine the common bonds that united the colonies and contributed to their homogeneity in the seventeenth century. While there was great diversity in colonial America, the English colonies were also similar in language, law, warfare, and inheritance patterns. Although certain regions of colonial America were settled by peoples from specific areas of England who spoke local dialects, each colony included large numbers of landowners. Thus London English was influential in shaping the speech patterns of every colony and in lessening the regional differences. The colonists also developed a common approach to waging war that was different from the English traditions. Most European nations had professional armies with fulltime soldiers who were expected to adhere to established rules concerning the treatment of noncombatants. The colonists, on the other hand, favored volunteer militia who signed up for short-term, temporary enlistments and who routinely slaughtered Indian women and children. The legal system that developed in the colonies was simple and more localized than that of England. The legal profession was not institutionalized until the eighteenth century, and colonists were accustomed to receiving quick and uncomplicated justice. The rigid English inheritance regulations did not gain acceptance in the New World. In England, primogeniture rules gave all inheritance rights to the eldest son, while in the colonies younger sons and even daughters could inherit property. Only the New England colonies gave preference to the eldest son by doubling his portion of the inheritance. TYPE: Short Essays 1 -1 Compare and contrast Bacon's Rebellion with Leisler's Rebellion in the late seventeenth century. Were there any common causes or patterns that link these rebellions together? Essay should address several key points: A. Bacon's Rebellion (1676) 1. Causes a. Land shortage b. Growing number of indentured servants c. Frontier clashes with Indians 2. Course and results a. Large-scale rebellion b. Property damage and casualties c. Jamestown burned/governor forced to flee d. Bacon dies/slaves increasingly replace indentured servants B. Leisler's Rebellion 1. Causes a. English-Dutch rivalry b. Disenchantment with Dominion of New England c. Growing gap between rich and poor d. News of Glorious Revolution 2. Course and results a. Takeover by Jacob Leisler and non-English followers b. Refusal to respect rights of political opponents c. Driven from power by English New Yorkers d. Executed for treason
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Explore the Acts of Trade and Navigation in the mid-seventeenth century. What were their goals, and how successful were they? Essay should address several key points: A. Goal of British imperial system 1. Removal of Dutch a. Major trade rival in North America b. Consequences 2. Increased colonial economic development a. Need to make colonies more lucrative b. Consequences 3. Implemented during leadership of Cromwell B. Provisions of Navigation Acts 1. Act of Trade and Navigation (1651) a. Non-European goods must be shipped on English ships b. Crews must be half English 2. Enumerated Commodities Act (1660) a. Certain products could be shipped only to England or to other English colonies b. Consequences 3. Staple Act (1663) a. Regulated goods going to America b. African, Asian, and European goods first had to pass through English ports C. Outcome 1. Properly enforced, Navigation Acts would establish English hegemony over North American trade 2. Actual results
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Examine the French and Spanish Empires in North America and discuss their struggles with the English in the colonial wars of 1699-1716. Essay should address several key points: A. Spanish colonies 1. New Mexico a. Changes in mission system b. Pueblo Revolt (1680) c. Return of the Spanish (1690s) 2. Texas a. Early settlements b. Temporary withdrawal B. French colonies 1. New France a. Iroquois wars b. Establishment of the "middle ground" c. French negotiation strategies 2. Louisiana a. Explorers b. Early settlements c. Relations with Indians C. Colonial wars 1. General goals a. King William's War b. Queen Anne's War c. Attacks on Spanish Florida 2. Overall results
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1 Discuss the differences and similarities among the English colonies in the early 1700s. What aspects of colonial life united them? Essay should address several key points. A. Caribbean islands 1. Demographics a. Life expectancy b. Gender ratio c. Family structure d. Race and ethnicity 2. Economics a. Wealthy elite b. Slavery and cash crops 3. Political system a. Royal government b. The parish 4. Religion and education B. Southern colonies 1. Demographics a. Life expectancy b. Gender ratio c. Family structure d. Race and ethnicity 2. Economics a. Wealthy elite b. Slavery and cash crops 3. Political system a. Proprietary government b. The parish 4. Religion and education C. Middle Atlantic and New England colonies 1. Demographics a. Life expectancy b. Gender ratio c. Family structure d. Race and ethnicity 2. Economics a. The wheat belt b. Subsistence farming c. Fishing 3. Political system a. Townships b. Counties c. Corporate government 4. Religion and education D. Common bonds 1. Colonial similarities a. Language, war, law and inheritance 2. English differences a. Language, war, law and inheritance
TYPE: Long Essays 1 -1