Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castile Spain Jacob Burckhardt Machiavelli The Prince Donatello Humanism secularization Maximilian I Marriage alliances John Wyclif vernacular Laura Cereta The Book of the Courtier literacy sultan Constantinople Mehmet II Johannes Gutenberg movable type Pico della Mirandola Oration on the Dignity of Man Renaissance new monarchs Papal States Hanseatic League liberal studies Greco-Roman culture Cicero The Wars of the Roses Medici nepotism diplomatic system First Estate? clergy peasantry Patricians arranged marriages Renaissance papacy Italian wars Holy Roman Empire Habsburg dynasty Ottoman Turks The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Second Estate Third Estate Sistine Chapel Jan van Eyck Florence