Adam Smith Montesquieu three basic types of governments republican monarchical despotic economic liberalism Voltaire deism Johann Sebastian Bach On Crimes and Punishments Cesare Beccaria Marie-Therese de Geoffrin salons pogroms Jews travel accounts "noble savage." cultural relativism natural laws "science of man." French philosophes Isaac Newton Enlightenment Diderot Encyclopedia "general will" Rousseau Paris The Marriage of Figaro Mozart A Serious Proposal to the Ladies Mary Astell Mary Wollstonecraft John Wesley Methodism secularization skepticism The Wealth of Nations laissez-faire A Vindication of the Rights of Woman tabula rasa feminism