Isaac Newton Scientific Revolution Ptolemaic conception of the universe geocentric anatomical studies René Descartes Johannes Kepler Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric French Academy English Royal Society Principia Renaissance painters geometry Christian view of the world astronomy medicine mechanics Blaise Pascal Penses royal and princely patronage mind and matter Antoine Lavoisier modern chemistry On the Fabric of the Human Body Andreas Vesalius Galen Hermeticism mathematics Galileo Galilei common people Margaret Cavendish Maria Winkelmann Francis Bacon observation and experimentation circular orbits spherical orbits faith and reason